Negative Intensification in Mass Media Discourse

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO national UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT NEGATIVE INTENSIFICATION IN quid MEDIA DISCOURSECOURSE PAPER PRESENTED BY __________________ Anastasia Hayevska a fourth year student of the slope de stopmentSUPERVISED BY _________________ O. V. Tatarovska a lecturer of the incline department Lviv 2012 Theme NEGATIVE INTENSIFICATION IN MASS MEDIA DISCOURSECONTENTS Introduction.. 3 Chapter 1. Negation in face6 Chapter 2. The Notion of Intensification. electro banish Intensification12 2. 1. A typo consistent side 2. 2. Types 2. 3. A typology of intensifiers Chapter 3. ostracise Intensification in media communion.. 23 Conclusion 29 Summery.. 30 References31 IntroductionAt the world-class base of the XXI century the existence of the process of medialization in the living aloofness of society is quite a a indwelling feature. According to this theory, medialization is a planetary and intensive process of charm of media on public consciousness, leading to infixed colonization, fragmentation of kind conceptions of hatful. The terminations of scientists that the character reference of media in the modern man merciful is extremely large and the ability of the media discourse to influence the placelook of the recipients is quite powerful be very important.The lingual process of press, which reflects the complex social processes, bump non except personal tho similarly public consciousness, in the first nates affects the split upment of public opinion, service of processs in the stockation of a certain persona of social person. Periodicals, promoting political, scientific and a nonher(prenominal) thoughts in Britain, raise the aesthetical tastes d unity the publication of works of art, consolidate the fancy of diversity of position literary viva voce communication and facilitate the increment of lecture and cultural environment. The linguistic process of m edia reflects the of import trends of development of English.Recently, look forers draw assistance to opposite take aims of linguistic units in the media, especially their usance and hightail iting in unexampleds composing speech. The surmount of spargon-time activity is mostly units of lexical and phraseological levels. Howal paths, weensy attention is paid to chieftainlines, though it is the important broker that detects specific journalistic (news wallpaper) identity element, in particular the need to take hold in maximum nurture victimisation minimum language material, tends to save the language units only if with the maximum of semantic nitty-gritty, the confederacy of informational pith, brevity of emotional and proveive colour.Title primarily reflects the linguistic phenomena of our time and, in some footmark, generalize them. learning the English Negation is very important beca employment its coordinate is utilise in each day conversation. The much you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the English language. But first we need to endure what the habit of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in English.English negation is the process that turns an approving statement (I am happy) into its opposite defending team (I am non happy). Here ar some specimens he is non here that is non my book do non enter As you shadow empathize from the exemplification above, the structure of the Negation in English has a logical pattern. Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the curse in English. Negation and oppose prospects give a very important role in English at that placefore they need very special attention.Topicality of look into is determined by s incessantlyal factors first, by increasing of the role of newspaper language in society and the importance of social and linguistic influence on the formation of values secondly, by the reflection of modern newspaper language trends and phenomena that be bright turn upn in the last decade in colloquial language and thirdly, the lack of basic research on analogical reputes of intensification in grammar and language in general.The Object of the course paper is linguistic means apply in media to enhance their perlo thinionary substanceiveness and the reasons of using opposely charged intensification in language. The subject of the course paper is the units of lexical, phraseological and syntacticalal level as means of intensification in newspaper speech. The aim of the course paper is to explore the basic means of intensification of expression in newspaper text, to develop the theme of negation in the English language and concentrate on the musical modes of ostracize intensification. The t deals of the course paper to dwell on the grammar topic of negation, its importance and history to develop the theme of intensification and the usage of nix intensifiers in grammar structures and la nguage to explore the most vivid language trends and phenomena in lexical- grammatical level to lineation the examples of the utilizing of the intensifications in ken media discourse. The practical value of the course paper is to cozy up the importance of negation in English grammar and the vivid usage of all kind of intensification both in conversational language and the language of media discourse.Chapter 1. Negation in English For cropal days, negation has been bingle of the most extensively discussed topics in generative grammar, and the subject of a great deal of important work. Klimas 1964 paper Negation in English, for example, is surely one of the most c beful and complete syntactic analyses ever attempted. More recently, the scope semantics of negation has been extensively discussed in number of paper by R. Jackendoff, K. Iakoff, P. Carden and disaccordentwises.Although signalingifi usher outt insights hand been give birthed in those works, no attempt has bee n do at formulating a unified theory of negation. Negation is an important division of speech, as it is one of the basic mental operations. The versatility of negation is ca employ by the desire of man to distinguish the shots of reality and the reflection of this process in speech. The problem of negation is one of the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) categories in philosophy and logic. The term negation in philosophy was introduced by Hegel, and he put idealistic sense in this term.He believed that the basis of the negation is the development of ideas, opinions. Negation is like a real analog to logical, imaginary objection (antithesis), date seen as mandatory time that repeat m some(prenominal) times in any(prenominal) process where thither is a qualify of phase, period, stage of reassign in an object. In terms of formal logic negation is a logical operation, standing in opposition to the true psyche untrue, to the false judgment unerring one, stageing to the discre pancy amidst the subject and the predicate generator adjunct to this class.In opposite news programs, negation is non a direct reflection of reality and its ties only if the way of our knowledge, based on the contrast with the original dictatorial facts. world a universal category of language with a complex and three-dimensional semantics and diverse arsenal of expression, negation gets a diametrical interpretation in the fall d aver of each aspect of linguistics. Negation is the element of the judgment of conviction meaning, which indicates that the connection that is established between the components of the sentence, according to the treater actually does non exist or that the affirmative sentence is rejected as alse by the speaker system. In most cases the invalidating expression lavatory be observed in the situation, when appropriate affirmative statement was made before or included in the enumerate presumption of speakers. Negation is one of the inherent to all languages of the world semanti weepy dissonant categories that is non identifiable through simple semantic elements. Syntactic aspect of the problem of negation has always been the main in research practice, and it sometimes up to now leads to assertions that the negation is the category, which is inherent only for sentence. For example, V. V Lebedev 6 p. 9 expresses the opinion that the minimal linguistic unit, which operates within a negation, is a predicative construction. This position reflects a peg chthonicstanding of this linguistic phenomenon and is not coordinated with the existence of minus linguistic forms of non predicative character. From the formal point of view negation roll in the hay be verbalized by ostracise words (in Russian, ), a electro negative prefix (German unbekannt) negative form of individual part of speech verb (English I dont demand un intoneed negative form, Arabs, letters, lam yaktub), pronouns (in Russian, of Iraq. he dialogue. la hhad) and some others. Negation idler be formally unspoken component of meaning (in Ukrainian which means ) or what is meant formally wordless component of sentence meaning (in Ukrainian ). Thus, negation is not just a theme in linguists. The term negation is widely utilise in other sciences such(prenominal) as logic or philosophy that shows the diversity of this concept.In inhering language, there ar (at least) ii kinds of negation a sluttish negation expressing non-truth (in the sense of she doesnt like snow or he doesnt trust you), and a ironlike negation expressing explicit falsity (in the sense of she dislikes snow or he distrusts you). Notice that the classical logic law of the excluded middle holds only for the weak negation (either she likes snow or she doesnt like snow), still not for the strong negation it does not hold that he trusts you or he distrusts you he whitethorn be neutral and neither trust nor distrust you.When we speak about(predicate) negatio n we sometimes after part call intensification to provide additional content to the sentence and increase its importance. Intensification like a linguistic expression of hyperbole or derogation is not limited only by the category of adjective or adverb. Intensification go off be expressed in different ways and can envelope not only particular part of the sentence, but the whole sentence. In standard create verbally English, when two negatives ar apply in one sentence, the negatives are mute to cancel one other and produce a weakened affirmative.However, in many dialects, the second negative is apply as an intensifier and should be understood as strengthening the negation kinda than removing it. In bar English, two negatives are understood to resolve to a positive. This rule was observed as early as 1762, when Bishop Robert Lowth wrote A Short Introduction to English Grammar with Critical furrows. For instance, I do not disagree could mean I certainly agree. go on sta tements may be necessary to resolve which particular meaning was think 7.Because of this ambiguity, simulacrum negatives are much employed when reservation back-handed compliments. The phrase Mr. Jones was not incompetent go away seldom mean Mr. Jones was very competent since the speaker would occupy authorise up a much flattering way to reckon so. Instead, some kind of problem is implied, though Mr. Jones possesses basic competence at his tasks. A threefold negative occurs when two forms of negation are use in the like sentence. Multiple negation is the much general term referring to the occurrence of more than one negative in a clause.In most logics and some languages, reduplicate negatives cancel one another and produce an affirmative sense in other languages, doubled negatives come forward the negation. linguistic communications where multiple negatives intensify each other are said to concur negative concord. Portuguese, French, Persian, and Spanish are examples of negative-concord languages, fleck Latin and German do not have negative concord. Standard English lacks negative concord, but it was normal in Old English and pose English, and some modern dialects do have it (e. . African American Vernacular English and Cockney), although its usage in English is often stigmatized. Languages without negative concord typically have negative mutual opposition items that are used in place of additional negatives when another negating word already occurs. Examples are ever, anything and anyone in the sentence I havent ever owed anything to anyone (cf. I havent neer owed postcode to no one in negative-concord dialects of English, and Nunca devi nada a ninguem in Portuguese, lit. Never have I owed zip to no one). Note that negative polarity can be triggered not only by direct negatives such as not or never, but by words such as doubt or only (I doubt he has ever owed anything to anyone or He has just ever owed anything to anyone) 4 p. 32. Discus sing English grammar, the term double negative is often though not universally applied to the non-standard use of a second negative as an intensifier to a negation.Although they are uncommon in written English, double negatives are employed as a normal part of the grammar of Southern American English, African American Vernacular English, and most British regional dialects, particularly the East London and East Anglian dialects. Dialects which use double negatives do so consistently and follow a different fix up of descriptive linguistic rules (situation needed). Because of their non-standard nature, such double negatives are often employed in literature and the performing art as part of characterization, particularly to establish a speakers lower-class or uneducated status.In the film bloody shame Poppins, the chimney sweep Bert employs a double negative when he rates, If you dont penury to go nowhere Another is used by the bandits in the filthy Badges scene of rear Hustons T he Treasure of the Sierra Madre Badges? We aint got no badges. We dont need no badges More recently, the British television show EastEnders has received some furtherance oer the Estuary accent of character Dot Branning, who speaks with double and triple negatives (I aint never heard of no license. ).In the Harry Enfield skand so forth Mr Cholmondley-Warners Guide to the undertaking, a stereotypical Cockney employs a septuple-negative Inside toilet? I aint never not heard of one of them nor I aint nor null. In music, double negatives can be employed to similar effect (as in go Floyds Another Brick in the Wall, in which schoolchildren chant We dont need no education / We dont need no thought control) or used to establish a frank and informal tone (as in The roll Stones (I Cant Get No) Satisfaction. ).Historically, Chaucer made extensive use of double, triple, and even quadruple negatives in his Canterbury Tales. slightly the Friar, he writes Ther nas no man no wher so vertuous ( at that place never was no man nowhere so virtuous). About the Knight, He nevere yet no vileynye ne supposede / In all his lyf unto no maner wight (He never yet no vileness didnt narrate / In all his life to no manner of man). avocation the battle of Marston Moor, Oliver Cromwell quoted his nephews dying words in a letter to the boys capture Valentine Walton A little after, he said one thing stick upon his spirit.I asked him what it was. He told me it was that God had not suffered him to be no more the executioner of His enemies. Although this particular letter has often been reprinted, it is frequently changed to read not any instead. Many languages, including all living Germanic languages, French, Welsh and some Berber and Arabic dialects, have gone through a process known as Jespersens cycle, where an original negative particle is replaced by another, passing through a intermediate stage employing two particles (e. . Old French jeo ne dis newfangled Standard French je ne dis pas Modern Colloquial French je dis pas I dont say). In many cases the original sense of the new negative particle is not negative per se (thus in French pas criterion, originally not a step = not a mo), but in Germanic languages such as English and German the intermediate stage was a case of double negation, as the up-to-the-minute negatives not and nicht in these languages originally meant nothing e. g.Old English ic ne seah I didnt see Middle English I ne saugh nawiht, lit. I didnt see nothing Early Modern English I saying not. A similar development to a circumfix from double negation can be seen in non-Indo-European languages, too for example, in Maltese, kiel he ate is negated as ma kielx he didnt eat, where the verb is preceded by a negative particle ma- not and followed by the particle -x, which was originally a picayuneened form of xejn nothing thus, he didnt eat nothing5.Negation in language can be transmitted by various means negative words, negative pref ix, and negative forms of the verb (which is not actually Ukrainian), or may not have a champion expression, as a component of meaning ( = to refuse = not to accept). That is, a word without a negative prefix can be regarded as the word of a negative value, for example, lack (= have not), fail (= not come through) but we can say also that succeed a negative line to fail. These words have implicit negation. inexplicitness is a phenomenon that is characterized by expression of some elements by not formal means. It manifests itself at all levels of language. With the sponsor of implicitness the language units are provided with additional depth and layering. Implicit negation is contextual language category. The implicit negation can be indentified through the digest of the semantics of that language, or other units. The peculiarity of implicit negation, like any other implicit category, consists of asymmetry, in other words of inconsistency of plan the content and plan of expres sion.Chapter 2. The Notion of Intensification. Negative Intensification Broadly speaking, manifestations of intensification in the English grammatical system have been traditionally associated with the adjective and adverb categories, not so ordinarily with other word-classes. This may be justified on two main accounts i) most of these are locomoteally susceptible of be easily limited by other elements and, secondly, (ii) they can be considered, in semantic terms, as open lexical items which can have a strengthening or weakening effect.In spite of this, it is necessary to point out that intensification as the linguistic expression of exaggeration and depreciation (Bolinger) does not restrict itself to this words other than adjectives and adverbs may express and receive intensification, and this linguistic process may have under its scope not only a single parcel of the clause, but also the whole of it. Thus, certain wh-words, what and how, can function as intensifying determiner s adverbs in exclamations What nice music is she playing How well he managed Intensification is type of amplification in which an idea is showd or a senseing heightened through restatement, expansion, detailed illustration, or other device. 1. A typological perspective Expressions like Latin ipse/a, English him-/her-self (X-self), Russian sam/-a, Italian stesso/-a, mandarin ziji, Spanish mismo/-a, Fr. lui-/elle-meme, Japanese zisin, zitai, etc. t jar againsther is no established unconditioned label (emphatic reflexives, emphatics punctuaters, emphatic pronouns appositive/adverbial reflexives limiting adjectives identity pronouns focus particles, intensifiers) ( In English and many other languages there is no formal distinction between reflexive markers and intensifiers there is only a difference in distribution (1)a. john was clearly protecting himself. b. Fred hates himself. c. She poured herself another cup of tea. (2)a. Writers themselves, rather than their works, should be vetted for their sense of social responsibility.. . All things must change, says Father Ferguson. Sin itself must change. c. Ardery herself had cherished the case. ( Languages seem to have several intensifiers (English X-self, by X-self, in X-self, own, of his own accord, personally, in person, etc. Italian stesso, proprio, in persona, in prima persona, in se, per se, etc. ), which may differ in their syn measure and in their interpretation ( Identification across languages is easiest on the basis of prosodic and semantic criteria (i) focused and stressed (ii) evoking alternatives (iii) used as adjuncts (rarely as arguments) (iv) etymology derived from expressions denoting body separate, truth, possession, local notions persona precision of reference, issuance/again alone, downwards, etc. ) 2. Types (3)(a)the adnominal use Writers themselves, rather than their works, should be examined for their sense of social responsibility. (b)the adverbial exclusive use (( alone/witho ut help) Mrs. Dalloway wanted to buy the flowers herself. (c)the adverbial inclusive use (( too) If hes busy breaking the rules himself, he could hardly demand that they do otherwise. (d)the attributive useJohn wants to be together with stack of his own age. (4)Early Modern English (OED, s. v. self) He forbad the often attempting of warres agaynst ones self party or enemies. (1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholays Voy. IV, xxxi. 153 b) (5)Turkish (Munevver Ozkurt, p. c. ) (a)mudur-unkendi-sibizim-lekonusacak(adnominal) director-genint-3. possus-with entrust. talk The director himself depart talk to us. (b)kendioda-m(attributive) introom-1poss my own room (6)Latin Ipsius ante oculos before his very affections We can also distinguish head types of intensifiers 1. intensifiers express contrast . intensifiers are generally focused and thus raise alternatives to the value given 3. intensifiers denote an identity function According to the other theory, the division of intensifiers can be interpreted in different way. major types of intensifiers five major types defined on the basis of morpho-syntactic properties implicational connections can be described in terms of these types areal clustering intensifiers bloodsucking+ parasitic + adjective adjectival nominal+ nominal comparative + relational invariantadjectivalprepositionalpronominalrelationalThere are a lot of different classifications of intensifiers developed by different scholars but this variant attracted my attention because of its complexity and diversity. This classification shows all the controversial aspects of the theme of intensification and gives us the most detailed division. 1. 3. A typology of intensifiers Parasitic intensifiers have the formal make-up of major lexical classes like adjectives, relational nouns and pronouns (a) adjectival intensifiers (Europe) Swedish (Holmes & H borderliffe 1994 146) Barn-etsjalv-tsaingenting child-artint-indef. neut. sgsaidnothing The child itself said n othing (b) relational nouns as intensifiers (Africa, Middle East, Mesoamerica, Finno-Ugric head-marking languages) (Turkish (Munevver Ozkurt, p. c. ) mudur-un kendi-si bizim-le konusacak director-gen int-poss. 3sg us-with will. talk The director himself will talk to us. (c) pronoun-like intensifiers (South Asia, French, English, Basque) Incorporate pronominal forms inflect for person, number, gender typically identical to reflexive markers typically follow their head noun French Jai rencontre le president lui-meme. I met the professorship himself. (d) Invariant intensifiers (most common type) Few, if any, sortal restrictions, highly grammaticalized no areal clustering Yiddish (A. Albright, p. c. ) der direktor aleyn vet undz ufnemen art director int will us welcome The director himself will welcome us. (e) Intensifiers as prepositional phrases Yoruba A o ri kadinali funraar We not see cardinal INT. POSS. 3SG We did not see the cardinal himself. (Lit. for his body). We can inten sify the effect of a verb by using an adverb that intensifies the meaning and particularly the emotional content.The use of the intensifier can subtly suggest to the other person what emotions they should feel. In the same way, we can also use adverbs to attenuate and reduce the born(p) emotional content of a verb That is very elicit. (basic intensifier) That is very, very interesting. (repetition to pro live effect) That is extremely interesting. (suggests extreme response) That is amazingly interesting. (suggests being amazed) That is scarily interesting. (suggests being scared) That is quite interesting. (reducing intensity) That is a bit interesting. reducing intensity) The basic intensifier is very and can be used with many verbs. Other intensifiers often have the same meaning as very but use different forms Intensifiers include very, really, extremely, remarkably, fantastically, etc. Intensifiers often subtly suggest to the other person what to feel. By naming emotio ns within the adverb, the other person has to consider this emotion and hence begins to feel it. As the adverb is not the subject, object or verb, it is not as noticed and hence such suggestions may slip past conscious (or even subconscious) filters.Just as intensifiers increase emotion, the same effect can be through with(p) in reverse, where the natural level of emotion implied by a verb may be reduced. This can be done measuredly to cool down a situation. It also can appear in floppy language, where you are seeking to suspend saying anything that upsets the other person and hence end up do very weak statements that have a very low probability of changing anybodys mind 1 p. 67. There is a curious pattern of intensification that uses negative words to intensify positive verbs.These words include awfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, ridiculously, insanely, disgustingly, hideously, etc. Thus, for example She is dreadfully beautiful. What an insanely good idea What in effe ct is casualty here is that many strong emotions are negative, so using them in a positive context borrows that intensity of emotion whilst the contextual cues show that the real meaning is positive. An additional effect is that combining negative and positive words in the same sentence creates confusion, which itself is also adds to the emotion.A curious fact about this usage is that it is particularly favorite with upper-class British people What a ridiculously interesting thing Sometimes intensification is done deliberately but with the opposite intent. This use of sarcasm may be done against another person or used in a more ironic sense about the situation. Oh, very clever (actually meaning rather stupid) The intensification of negation is occurred by using word that means trifle (not a bit, not a jot, not a scrap, etc.. ), or by an adverb, meaning ever (John-Eng. na ne with a = Goth. nand aiws, German nie English never sometimes loses its temp spontaneous meaning and coinci des with the value of not). Finally, for intensification a word that means nothing can be added Lat. non, Eng. not (weak form of nought) or German nicht In comparison with English I ne seye not there is a double negation 11. It is known that the topic of negative intensification was not analyze much, but we affirm that intensification can cover the whole sentence and its parts. permits look on the following examples The last few years its ot worth and because I cant breathe through my nose at all during the summer uhm that brings on the asthma. She decided herself as completely hopeless with my hands. It is clear that in the first example prepositional phrase at all acts as intensifier to emphasize that the speaker can not breathe through the nose. Here this sentence the intensification is achieved by means of adverb intensifier completely, which intensify the adjective hopeless. Negative intensification of the parts of the sentence has the same scheme.It is used mostly with neg ative adjectives, which are create with the help of negative prefixes (a-, un-, dis-, non-, in-, im-, il-, ir-). These words in turn are modify by other adverbs or adjectives. We can draw a conclusion that negative intensification on sentence level and on level of its parts has only a slight difference. The negative intensification in English language can be achieved in five different ways 1. the use of expressions with negative stress 2. the recurrence of adverb never and its combination never ever 3. not (even)a one as a variant of fraction no 4. he use of certain lexical items in combination with a limited group of verbs 5. the use of a number of negative idiomatical expressions. The expressions with negative stress can be grouped in such a way at all, a bit, in the least, in the slightest, in any way. All this expressions are characterized by 1. they are used in a negative context, or at least not affirmative, we mean direct and indirect questions, and comparative condition al sentence, the words that are morphologically negative or negatively oriented, imperative sentences with nonspecific meaning and infinitive constructions with too. . they watch over with certain lexical units 3. they act like adverbs in conditional sentences 4. they are used in a sentence abstractedly, this sentence is the answer to prior question 5. they stand in the middle of a sentence or at the end (final position prevails over the median). The most popular expression is at all. Palacios Martinez found 28 examples 20 in oral texts and 8 in written form. The sentence with at all is a negative intensifier for the previous sentence, which is negative too.It is a feature article feature of oral style But the hospital had told me that the child wouldnt live So Id not prepared myself Id not got anything at all. The adjacent expression is a bit that is also used for intensification of negative sentence. In this case it is the answer to the question. Whats your normal script li ke Is it anything like . tell you what Not a bit. But it isnt a general rule. It can act as adverbial changer within the clause. In such case we add not to the predicate, but not to a bit. You havent changed a bit. It didnt outrage a bit when my tooth was pulled out. In the slightest is also used as adverb associate in modulate to intensify the negative sentence. Not is always link up to the verb. We can find this phrase in oral speech and in most cases it is the answer to the previous sentence. Do you mind? Not a slightest. Quite common is the fact that such structures can be found in compound sentences with the negative key members of the sentence with verbs that denote mental procedure, opinion, perception, intention and desire (think, know, believe, want, seem, appear).such(prenominal) cases we call transported negation. In fact, the negation is related to the clause, but is transferred to the main sentence because of pragmatic considerations. However, the transference does not change the value of a sentence 10. I dont think there is the slightest hatchway for one very obvious reason quite apart. No way is quite a different case because it can stand at the beginning of the sentence when we are using the inversion. It is done in order to strengthen the intensification that cannot be done with normal word order.The modal verbs will and would stand after no way in order to express impossible assumption. No way will I go working for that man. No way would I do that. Quite common is the use of no way as the answer to the question. Such use is peculiarity for some varieties of English, particularly American. In fact, this expression is a concise form of expressing strong negation. Sometimes it can express incredulity or awe of the speaker. So we are seeing Bay City Rollers wordAh two or three words I power saw a picture of myself yesterday in an album with uhm sitting up in bad next to my Bay City Rollers poster No way. To conclude this secti on, it is necessary to point out that apart from the four lexical constructions just examined, there are some others that can also be categorized under this first heading since they share all or most of the features which are characteristic of them. Among them we can mention the following by no means (with its variants not by any means and by no manner of means), under no tidy sum, absolutely not and certainly not.The first two are usually fronted bringing about inversion subject-verb, while the other two are more commonly used in answer to a question in order to deny something or to express strong disagreement. It is by no means certain that this is what he did. Under the circumstances whatsoever will I support Mr. Baldwin. Does this affect your attitude to your work, in any way? Absolutely not. Had you forgotten? Certainly not. The repetition of adverb never with such phrases as in (all) my life, in a million years, for a million pounds is used to intensify the negative se ntence.We can also add ever to never in order to intensify a negative quality of speech act. This phrase is very popular in colloquial language. Things will never ever be the same again. Never lecture with animals or children and never ever try to do chemistry experiments live. Ever can be also used with nothing, nobody, and none in order to convey emphatical meaning. We can also find some(prenominal) and whatsoever that are used with similar aim. Nobody ever went there. There is no scientific evidence to support such a view. Such expressions as not (even) a not (even) a single are the emphatic alternative to countable part no.Their meaning is that there is nothing previously mentioned. They are combined with a great number of nouns, in fact in communication they tend to use these lexical units scrap, hair, word, jot, thing, trace, crumb, ounce, iota, shred, sign, speck, etc. There is no food in the cupboard, not a scrap. She didnt say a single word. I dont feel one iota of guilt. I couldnt do a single thing about it. Most of them are especially common in informal and familiar contexts. However, there are so many phrases of this nature that no list could hope to be exhaustive.The main ones are at least included in the following not budge an inch with the meaning of to refuse to change their mind or compromise not eternal sleep a wink to get a wink of sleep, that is, to sleep very little not drink ouch a drop, referring to the fact that no alcohol has been or is freeing to be drunk not organise or raise a finger to do something, meaning that you make no attempt to help someone not see know or meet a (living) soul, when someone goes to a certain place and they do not see or know anybody not ladder a muscle, that is, to keep absolutely still not bat an eye or eyelid, in other words, not to show any sign of surprise or concern 10 p. 8. These colorful expressions are used in English in order to intensify and emphasize the negative language.The consump tion of intensification is an attempt to reach the listener ( lecturer) that is why the negative intensification is often used in mess hall media discourse. Chapter 3. Negative Intensification in media discourse Talking about mass media, we should discuss on the hole the effects of mass media on society. The media virus of the 21st century will influence your opinions, it will at last begin to tell you what clothes to wearing away, how to style your hair, how you should look, who you should like and etc. weed media has the overwhelming impact on our lives. Press, television, radio prescribes us how to live. The birth of the newspapers patience brought a new concept of social awareness down to the average out working-class family.Technological advances and decreasing paper prices not only helped the newspaper intentness flourish but appear other forms of print such as books and magazines. Unfortunately, it was a bitter when the necessary evil of television was introduced to th e whole world. It was succeeded in turning many families into a bunch of overweight couch potatoes. The debut of the Internet completely revolutionized the ways in which we do business. These days you can get practically anything off the Internet. However, mass media plays a big role in our life and affects us more than we think. TV, radio, press reflect the present day life. Every year the influence of mass media is becoming great and greater.The amount we spend immersing in mass media is not only going to shape who we are as persons, but it will eventually sever our connection to the real world. To have a major impact on society and compete with TV, for example, backings and names of newspapers have to attract the attention of individuals with the help of a variety of ways they can be loudly, pathos, contradictory, thought provoking. oft for such purposes different kinds of intensification are used the play of words, abbreviation, alliteration, rhymes, assonance, exclamations , parody, repetition and others. much in mass media we can find quotes from poetry or phraseological units. poetical language and folklore are characterized by syntactic structures with a value of motivator modality.In journalistic these features of artistic style are used, (Lesja Ukrainka) the words of V. Sosyuri, ?, poetry of Taras Shevchenko, whose poetic language is characterized by inducement sentence modality, . It is obvious that intensification is used in advertising in order to attract peoples attention and make then buy the product. The language of advertising is unconscious. Direct charm to conscience of a consumer is not only in advertisements of industrial goods. denote of goods inserts images of products in subconscious of people and creates their characters, images.Speaking about negative intensification in mass media we can say that this topic wasnt studied properly and needfully more attention, while negation in titles, headlines and names of progr ammes is very popular, while it catches endorsers attention and makes them interested. In my opinion, the most popular piece of information among the readers of a local newspaper will be the article with the title Dont ever read me. Frankly speaking, the 87% of people would definitely read the article. While exploring the theme of negative intensification in mass media discourse, I looked through some newspapers to find the use of negative intensification in the headlines or newspaper articles.These are some examples, which can be used to show the importance of negative intensification in mass media 1. HOW OFTEN DO YOU HEAR YOURSELF SAYING NO, I HAVENT READ IT IVE BEEN MEANING TO Independent Observer 2. THOUSANDS HAVE THIS PRICELESS GIFT BUT N ever come up IT (What priceless gift? Why is it priceless? If thousands have it, perhaps I should have it too. The undiscovered angle has great attraction. Legions of people are persuade that they possess talents and abilities which othe rs have never discovered. Consequently, their world is unfortunately inclined to depreciate or misjudge them. ) Daily Star 3. DOES YOUR CHILD EVER EMBARRASS YOU? never EVER Direct, challenging, a common circumstance. Brings up a flood or recollections. How can such unpleasant experiences be avoided in the future? Based upon a strong selfish appeal. Parents, are first, individuals second, parents. The kind of reflection that children cast upon the prestige and self-esteem of their parents is a useful copy angle to remember. ) Independent Observer 4. YOU NEVER saying SUCH LETTERS AS HARRY AND I GOT ABOUT OUR PEARS (Friendly, human, disarmingly ingenuous, refreshingly non-advertisy in language. And, of course, the reference to such letters. ) Daily Express 5. LAST FRIDAYWAS I SCARED MY old geezer DIDNT ALMOST FIRED ME (A human narrative people wanted to read because it did or could happen to me. ) Daily Star 6. No signal of peace from Syria (The Syrian government activity has gi ven no signal of peace but could still change its military posture before a deadline, envoy Kofi Annan says). BBC News 7. Norway shooter Anders Breivik declination not going further (Right-wing extremist Anders Breivik, who has admitted killing 77 people during a politically-motivated murder spree in Norway last summer, has been declared sane and fit to stand trial and will probably take the stand to say he wishes he had killed even more people. ) News 4 The World 8. U. S. warns N. Korea Rocket base means no food aid AT ALL The exsanguinous House bluntly warned North Korea on Tuesday that going ahead with a long-range rocket launch would mean an end to planned American food aid to the secretive and starvation-plagued country. Its impossible to imagine). BBC News 9. Comedian Jon Lovitz says anti-semitic prank no laughing matter at all. (Comedian Jon Lovitz is known for making people laugh, but he has expressed outrage at an antisemitic high school prank involving maple syrup. ) D aily Star 10. Im NOT NEVER TONGUE-TIED AT A PARTY (Pinpoints the myriads of self-conscious, inferiority-complexed wallflowers. Thats me I want to read this ad maybe it tells me exactly what to do about it. As you go along, you will notice how many of these headlines are interrogative ones. They ask a question to which people want to read the answer. They excite wonder and interest in the body matter which follows. They hit home cut through verbose indirectness. The best ones are challenges, which are difficult to ignore, cannot be dismissed with a quick no or yes and without further reading, are pertinent and relevant to the reader. Note how many of the ones included here measure up to these specifications. ) Daily Express 11. She has even taken court orders to prevent him coming anyplace near her. The Sun, June 14, 1994. 12. When a club XV player, I hardly saw any trouble. The Daily Mirror, June 10, 1994 13. I will never see my kids faces again divide of mother blinded by boyfr iend who GOUGED both of her eyes out (Tina Nash was subjected to sickening 12-hour assault while her two children were in home. She was also left field with a broken nose and jaw in an attack described as the most harrowing police had seen the 32-year-old said the worst thing was not being able to see her children. She had suffered abuse at Shane Jenkins hands before but had helped him get out of jail. Mother of two said she hoped her attacker was not buzzing at the thought he was the last person she saw Jenkin had Outlaw tattooed on his arm and was serving a five-year ban from pubs in the area for drunken violence) The Daily Mirror 14. I didnt get a chance to tell him I love him Heartbreak of family as 8-year-old collapses and dies walking to Little group discussion lame (An eight-year-old boy suddenly collapsed and died just minutes before his Little League baseball game in Las Vegas. Spencer Melvin was walking to the baseball field with his let Bob and brother Samuel, who were his coaches, when he suddenly fell to the ground. Despite direful attempts by his father, who begged Spencer to stay with us and hang on as he fought to revive him, the little boy tragically passed away) The Daily Mirror. 15. Kill my wife? Absolutely not Id take her back tomorrow Super-rich Tory donor talks to Mail over claims he wanted to kill his ex. At first it seemed nothing more than a sorry tale of a spurned husband seeking revenge on the wife who left him, when steel tycoon mailing Ives admitted on Tuesday he had accepted a police caution for harassing ivory Adams, a shop assistant, with unwanted phone calls. ) Daily Express. 16. Obama does NOT qualify for Buffett tax Documents show President did not earn enough to be hit with planned 30% tax for millionaires (Declining book sales have meant that President Barack Obamas income has dropped so much that he no longer qualifies for the tax lift Buffett Rule he has been so eager to tout. In tax returns released by the snow-c lad House, Obama and his wife Michelle reported income of $789,674 last year, about half of it from Obamas book royalties. It was the low salary for the Obamas since 2004, when he wrote his best-selling memoir, Dreams From My Father. ) News 4 The World. 17.Zimmerman did NOT use racial slur against Trayvon Martin, prosecutors now say (Despite what some people think they heard, prosecutors say George Zimmerman did not utter a racial slur in his call to 911 on the night he shot Trayvon Martin. ) BBC News The interesting fact that you can notice in these headlines is another way of negative intensification. It is used only in written language and its idea is to highlight the negation in any possible way to stress, to emphasize, to accentuate or to write it in crown letters as in the example Zimmerman did NOT use racial slur against Trayvon Martin, prosecutors now say. In such a way the readers attention is focused on NOT that intensify the negation. As you can see from examples the mo st frequently used negative intensifiers are never, ever, at all, in any way and some others.Thus, syntactic and pragmatic features of negative structures in modern English indite give us reasons to affirm that frequency and number of negative structures are not significantly different in mass media discourse, but in the language of journalism as opposed to the language of science, negation does not only performs the function of denying proposal, but also expresses the other speech acts the refusal, an indication, vigorous intention writing style as well as oral language has its own characteristics for using negation too. They depend on the purpose of communication, the relationship between reader and writer and style concerning the distribution of NOT and NO, NOT is more frequently used on journalism, than in scientific style. All these conclusions confirm the idea that the language of mass media discourse has more in common with oral speech then with scientific style. Conclusi ons With the analysis of these colourful emphatic negative expressions, this preliminary account of the resources used by modem English to intensify and emphasize negative speech acts is completed.Something that appeared to be simple and straight forward at the beginning turned out to be more attractive and interesting than was originally expected. In spite of this, by no means should this be considered as a conclusive study. lt is just an introductory survey which will have to be developed in further pieces of research. lt is essential that new and larger samples of data be collected as well as more time and attention devoted to each method of negative intensification. The complexity of negation, its importance in the language system and its connections with disciplines such as Logic, Psychology, Sociology and even Mathematics demand an urgent need for supplementary research in the area.No doubt, this will contribute to clarify new features and aspects of the English polarity syste m which has been traditionally left aside or examined in stringently abstract terms without getting deeper into the actual use of the language. Negative intensification is one of the most interesting categories in grammar. Many scientific papers are devoted to the aspect of negation and intensification. The first mention we can find in the writings of E. Klima, O. Esperson, E. Shendels, V. Bondarenko, V. Komissarov, R. Jacobson and other famous scientists. General history of negative constructions in many languages is characterized by a kind of fluctuations.When the only thing that is left after negation is proclitic structure or even a sound, it is too weak, and there is a need to intensify it by adding some additional words. This word in turn can be understood as an element of expressing negation, and can undergo the same process as the original word. In this way, there is constant alternation of weakening and strengthening a phenomenon in combination with further tendency of pu tting negation in the beginning of a sentence, where it may well be omitted, lead to unique effects that can be traced in the example of English language. Summary , ? ? . . , , ? , , , , ? . , , , . , , , , . ? ? ? , ? , . ? ? ? , ? . ? ?. ?. , ?. ? , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. -. , , (?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , A. M. , ?. ?. ). , ? , , ? - ? . ? , ? , . , ? ? ? ? . References 1. Bolinger, D. Degree Words. The Hague, Paris, Mouton. 1972 2. Erman, B.. Just wear a wig innit From identifying and proposition-oriented to intensifying and speaker-oriented grammaticalization in progress. In T. Haukioja (ed. ) Papers from the sixteenth Scandinavian Conference of linguistics. University of Turku Department of Finnish and General Linguistics. 1998 3. Givon, T. English Grammar.Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins. 1993 4. Horn L. Some aspects of negation. Stanford, California Stanford University Press, 1978 5. Jespersen, O. Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen, A. F. Host. 1917 6. Kosarev, V. A. Features of function of negation in interrogative sentence, intercollege. Sat Scientific. Proceedings. Leningrad Science, 1986 18. 7. Lebedev, V. V. Negative sentences and questions of syntax. M. Progress, 1989 160 p. 8. Lowth, R. A short introduction to English grammar With critical notes. Philadelphia Printed by R. Aitken, no. 22, Market Street. 1799. 9. Milroy, L. Language and social networks.Oxford Blackwell. 1980 10. Paducheva E. V. , Rakhilina E. V. Predicting Co-Occurrence Restrictions By Using Semantic Classifications In The Lexicon. COLING 1990 231-236 11. Palacious Martinez I. Negative Intensification in modern English. A. Coruna A. Coruna University Press, 1995. 12. Paslavska A. Denial as language universals principles, parameters of operation. Lviv Ivan Franko National University. John Frank, 2005. 289 p. 13. Schendels, E. Deutsche grammatik / E. Schendels. M. Vysheishaya shkola, 1979 397p. 14. Tottie, G. Negation in English Speech and Writing. A Study in Variation. London, pedantic Press Ltd. 1991