Benefits of E-Recruitment on Human Resource Supply Chain Management Dissertation

Benefits of E-Recruitment on Human Resource Supply kitchen range Management - Dissertation ExampleThe researcher has taken support of diffusion of innovation theory (DIT) in order to formulate the research model. Findings Benefits of e-recruitment such as cost efficiency, broader access to potential candidates profile and short recruitment cycle can positively increase efficiency for human option supply kitchen range management for Indian healthcare companies and also can help them to achieve combative advantage in terms of profitability and return on investment. Originality/value This research will search to shed light on relational matrix between e-recruitment and human resource supply chain management in terms of Indian healthcare industry perspective, the research problem for the study is do by by the previous researchers for a long time. Findings of the researcher will create not only kitchen range for future researchers moreover also help companies to decide e-recru itment strategy. Keywords E-recruitment, Recruitment, Human resource management, Health care industry, India paper type- Research paper Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 4 Chapter 2 Project approach 5 Chapter 3 Literature review 6 Chapter 4 searing evaluation and analysis of the data 11 Chapter 5 Discussion 26 Chapter 6 Conclusion 29 Reference 31 Appendices 38 Chapter 1 Introduction According to research scholars such as Ensher et al (2002), paradigm shift of traditional human resource strategy to e-HR strategy is a major find in the field of human resource management. Ensher et al (2002, p. 238) have defined e-HR policies as, increased emphasis on HR as a strategic business partner whose primary challenge is to recruit, develop and save talented employees for the organizations. Other research scholars such as Lengnick-Hall and Moritz (2003) and Ulrich (2000) have stated that e-HR policies and e-recruitment not only help companies to reduce time and c ost regarding recruiting employees through HR middleman but also help obligate HR professionals more than competent by challenging them to learn new technological applications. On the separate hand, Joyce (2002) and Dixon (2000) have pointed out that, e-recruitment or recruiting employees by using the internet has become a revenue generating options for one-third party recruiters. E-recruitment has become latest buzzword in service sector of India and other South Asiatic countries, South-East Asian countries (Labanyi, 2002 Fisher, 2001 Gomolski, 2000 and Galanaki, 2002). Teo (2001), Sanchez-Franco and Roldan (2005), Liu and Wang (2007) and Karlsen et al (2006) have found that, e-recruitment system with less technological complexity attracts more job seekers, hence it is a challenge for organization to build an effective e-recruitment strategy which is simple but effective. According to the limited knowledge of the researcher, very few researchers have tried to understand benefi ts of e-recruitment in mount to Indian healthcare service industry such gap in the literature has encouraged the researcher to develop following research objectives. 1.1 Research objective To investigate how benefits of

Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Review - Essay Examplet and only video I have seen to have sh give birth the mindless portrayal of blonde people, only to have the blonde really prove herself to all her detractors. This movie in effect, empowers the blondes to break out of the mold and show the world that the warp of ones hairs-breadth does not define intellect or personality. de jure light-haired was premiere shown in cinemas in 2001 and starred Reese Witherspoon as Elle Woods, the titular blonde. Based on the novel by Amanda Brown, managing director Robert Luketic helmed the picture that also starred Luke Wilson, Selma Blair, Victor Garber, Jennifer Coolidge, Holland Taylor, and Ali Larter. In the movie, Witherspoon plays Elle Woods, a typical blonde who seems to be an airhead further proves to be knowledgeable about more than just fashion once given a find to shine in the courtroom.Although shot along the vein of Clueless, another dumb blonde triumphs movie, Legally Blonde stands alone in its genre as being the first movie of its kind to have pushed its womanly lead to succeed in order to prove a point to those who had been putting her down because of her hair color and its accompanying stigma. With the resurgence of female empowerment movies in our present day, it is important to note that Legally Blonde was not just trying to deliver the basic point that anything a man provoke do, a woman can do better. Instead, this film has proven to be intelligent in its own right. Not once does the film ever so veer into sexual joke territory. Although the plot is ridiculous to near people, the comedic timing of those acting in the film is simply divine. Not a single joke ever fell flat nor lost its meaning.The movie dares to tackle serious issues relating to the trials and tribulations of people who do not aspect into a certain social mold or opinion. Elle is the embodiment of every woman who has found herself in such a situation. Finding herself on the receiving end of bullying a t Harvard Law School, Elle manages to teach a lesson along her way to discovering

Plato's Republic and His Theories About Philosopher Rulers Essay

Platos country and His Theories About Philosopher Rulers - Essay ExampleIn this book, Plato claims that the best way to avoid abuses of former, and thereby avoid some(a) of the worst problems of political life, is to concentrate power in the hands of the wise - philosopher-rulers. There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) reasons that make Plato think that concentrating power in the hands of philosopher-rulers will eliminate abuse of power. In this book, Plato ignores the power of justice and makes philosophy the subject of inquiry. He thinks that the power of a state should be concentrated on philosopher-rulers because of the nature of philosophers. He mentions the gifts of a true philosopher as courage, good memory and quickness. Such people waste natural reasonableness or inherent goodness which other people can use to cross good things even as they grow old (IDPH 354). According to Plato, the minds of philosophers always love the type of noesis that reveals to them the exter nal nature that does not differ from subversion and generation (IDPH344). This lowlys philosopher-rulers atomic number 18 in a position to make a quick detection of corrupt deals and corrupt individuals. Plato further explains that philosophers are lovers of entirely true being and therefore truenessfulness is part of them. They are not willing to renounce others whether they are great or sm solely, more honorable or less honorable. This means that philosopher-rulers stand for the truth in everything. This includes those issues that benefit them personally and those that may not benefit them directly or at all. This also includes truth in the smallest matters which many rulers tend to cover up. Even though such actions may not fall upon the citizens directly, the truth remains that it is abuse of power. They are therefore more likely to demand for openness and transparentness in all actions that affect the larger population just to ensure that the highest levels of truth are m aintained. Plato explains that because of their truthfulness, philosopher-rulers shun falsehood and will never receive in their mind falsehood intentionally. He goes further to mention truthfulness as the object of affection of philosophers. This is seen where he argues that truthfulness must be affirmed by philosophers. He says of them, must be affirmed for he whose nature is amorous of anything cannot help loving all that belongs or is akin to the object of his affections (IDPH 344). To make it more convincing, Plato argues that there is nothing that is akin to wisdom as truth. His fellow philosopher Glaucon confirms the same as he states that someone cannot be a lover of wisdom and at the same time, a lover of falsehood. This is to say, wise people are lovers of truth and therefore, they are never lovers of falsehood. These are evident in philosopher-rulers. They would be the best watchdogs, condemners and stoppers of actions that that find their roots in falsehood like corrupt ion and related actions like stealing. Plato ascribes the quality of being ambitious and loving ambitions to philosophers. Having rulers who love ambition can mean nothing better than elimination of every action and person who kills fruits of ambition in the national. Generally, philosopher-rulers have goose egg tolerance to self-centered leaders who are after heaping part of the national resources for themselves. according to Plato, philosophers are lovers of learning. Plato explains that a true lover of learning must desire the truth right from their earliest youth (IDPH

Police in the United States of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police in the United States of America - Essay ExampleThe police object glass to give a harmless and secure environment to the public. In order to achieve this objective they are bound to maintain peace in public. They are aimed to save the residents rights and public turbulences. The police also think to stop those situations which may end up in public violation and disorder. Police ensures the public of safe and sound environment and expects the public to cooperate with them. In collaboration with other bodies, the police sketch expose local safety policies which plan to encourage safer societies, decrease and combat offenses and conflicts, and promote comfort in the localities concerned. therefore if the duties of the police are to be analyzed it can be said that the role of police is to put on law in such a manner that the public peace is maintained. This is because if law is enforced on the citizens the police department may get an aggressive reply. Thus the police shoul d work according to the requirements of the public. They should train care of the tiny things which the public need. They should handle situations of violence with care and heed. For e.g. if an angry mob is protesting against a trusted situation then the police should not directly use aggressive methods against that mob. This is because if aggressive methods are use against them the public law and order situation could be disturbed. I.e. seeing the brutality of police against that mob some other mob could possibly arise and revolt. Similarly in other situations the police department should be narrow in tackling the problems of the public.Police officers in the United States are the most severe and troublesome reason of the human rights violation in the state. The infringements continue all around the country, in countryside, suburban, and metropolitan regions of the state, done by a range of law enforcement workers as well as local and state police, sheriffs sections, and feder al forces. Police shit occupied in unwarranted shelling, cruel beatings, deadly choking, and unreasonably rough behavior. Whereas the quantity of continually fetid officers on any force is in general small, the authorities in charge, together with law enforcement managers in addition to local and central government management frequently fail to take action with inference to control or penalize such steps. A faction of the police officers is worsening the image of the self-colored department. And as mentioned above it is quite difficult to bring this faction to justice. Although the other faction of the police officers are quite working according to their standards still there is a need that corruption and racism is removed from the police department in the U.S.A.However it can be said that to a certain finale the police department of the regular army has been successful. But as mentioned above the police department in the USA also has some flaws which need to be rectified. As the police are the main law enforcement potency it is their duty to maintain public order in the state. However the stance of the police should not be to enforce laws on the civilian but to maintain the situation of public law and order. If police is taking steps that are causing indiscipline then they must change their course of work. Their aim is

Obama Administration - Israelis and the Palestinians Recently, the Essay

Obama Administration - Israelis and the Palestinians Recently, the Obama Administration has attempt to restart the peace proce - Essay ExampleConversely, Palestinians assert that this is impossible. They argue that the only way to attain situatehood is with violent attacks rather than non violent negotiations. Israelis are more likely to rate the Obama administration positively by stating that its policies are fair (PEW Research). The Palestinians on the other hand rate the administration negatively as they have that it favours Israel. This among others is the major issue facing the peace bidding in the region as a whole. The commencement ceremony issue that involved in the process is concerning territory, settlement and borders. This has remained highly contentious on the Palestinian side. Israel is called upon to state the extent of its territory that is in Gaza, West Bank and the Dead Sea waters (Muasher and Djerejian). Following this transferral territory locations identif ied by both sides should be established. Finally, proposals should be comen on both sides to find out that the swap lands are equal in size and value (Muasher and Djerejian). The question of Jerusalem should be postponed until the lowest stages of the process as it is controversial and complex (Ibrahim). This issue is highly sensitive and the Obama administration should approach it with solicitude to ensure successful completion of the process. The second issue affecting the peace keeping process is certificate. on that point has been constant fighting between the two sides and this has led to loss of lives, destruction of property and poor evaluate of economic growth and development (PEW Research). First, it is of great importance to promote Palestines internal gage abilities. It is imperative to ascertain that a state authority is in power rather than militia groups. Again, Israel should raise assurance on their security concerns. Security is the major concern between the two sides and the Obama administration should apply peaceful means to restore peace and calm in the region. The third issue facing the process is economic development. It is important to note that ensuring economic stability of Palestine will be a posterior of a finding a peaceful solution to the ancient feud between the two sides. The after part issue facing the process is that relating to prisoners and refugees. There are numerous refuges particularly living in waste conditions. This has created attention world over and amongst humanitarian bodies. It is therefore important to relocate them to safe locations to enhance facile running of the process. Prisoners are a key issue on the Palestinian side. Releasing prisoners would be a huge step in aiding the peace process. In a nutshell, the core issues are to establish security in Israel and sovereignty in Palestine (Cohen, John and Yellin). The US is coming up with measures to ensure economic stability in the region. In a recen t delegation by the Secretary of State Kerry, it was revealed that the US was working with core companies such as Coca- Cola, GE and Cisco to invest in Palestine as a move to boost economic growth and development (Ibrahim). Additionally, the 1994 Paris Protocol should be renegotiated to draw the line between relations of the two independent states (Muasher and Djerejian). This is by agreeing to common approaches of sharing of resources and facilitating a tax revenue and customs system that can be managed efficiently by West Bank. Concerning the security problem in Israel, Obama sent the Supreme Commander of the NATO forces, General John Allen to discuss

Marketing Intelligence in the Vineyard Limited Company Assignment

Marketing Intelligence in the vineyard Limited Company - Assignment ExampleHere, I can obtain valuable selective information active the status of the company at present. The most efficient and easy way would be accessing the data on the internet by typing the trade name Vineyard Limited Company.org. Alternatively, I would apparently Google, industry research reports to receive a lot of information on the companys afoot(predicate) status as well as uncovering various marketing analysis information.My next smell would be to carry out a formal research project. This would make it possible for me to identify the perceptions of customers about behavior patterns of the company. I can do this by observing customers and the way they purchase foods and drinks from the company as well as using questionnaires. From the forester reports, I learned that Emails connects everything in the process of an interactive mixing (VanBoskirk 10). I would, therefore, use simple and easy-to-follow mail questionnaires to get an extensive knowledge of current issues in Vineyard Limited and to enable respondents to complete the quizzes conveniently. They will be more willing to give family and personal bare-ass issues for the reason that the mail feedback can be anonymous.Data analysis and interpretation would be my critical standard in analyzing the companys current state. I would use computer-based statistical packages to analyze the data. My last grade would be to use the results to make a marketing conclusion about this company.Given that I subscribe already obtained information from customers as outlined above, I would come up with a process to line the company in the desired direction. For instance, I would constantly develop new breakfast cereals, where the product fraction is this new foodstuff itself.

Computer Forensics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computer Forensics - Research Paper lawsuitThe intention of this study is computer forensics as a way of searching and analyzing data stored in computers and separate electronic media. Computer forensics aims at forensically examining digital data in order to present facts and opinions concerning the information gained. It is a relatively young forensic science when compared to the other forensics. The process has been highly misunderstood both in meaning and application. Computer forensics is commonly used to refer to the analysis and reporting of the information collected from the forensic analysis of digital-related media. It is a procedure which has been used for as long as computers fetch been in use. In recent years, cases of computer crimes have been on the rise. This has necessitated the adoption of computer forensics as a way of stressful to nab criminals over the internet. The spread of computer related crimes has risen as the use of computers increases. In the forward -looking world, almost all people use a computer to perform a duty in spite of appearance the course of the day. peck have fallen victims to computer crimes as computers are considered to be safe. Installation of bail software in computers has not been able to prevent some of the crimes occurring in the net nowadays. However, this alone cannot be enough to protect data from access by unauthorized persons. There are numerous cyberspace crimes commonly occurring in modern times. The range of these crimes keeps increasing as technological advancements continue to set in. Online frauds Online frauds have become a common form of computer crimes. There have been a rising chip of caudex scams instigated by criminal traders over the internet. The effects of these frauds have been adverse on the business world. People have been tricked by conmen online posing to be selling items. Once payment has been done, the delivery of goods bought fails to occur. In the stock market scams, the pri ces of stocks have been affected by frauds carried out online. These frauds can happen to any union, and there is a need for companies to ensure they protect themselves from possible fraudsters. Hacking This can be termed as the process of illegally accessing protected information in a computer system. It has become a common problem in the computer credentials framework (Thomas, 2002). Though efforts continue to be made to curb the problem, new technologies keep on being created by the hackers. The problem of hacking has been extensively linked to numerous security system failures. Hacking into national security systems has been identified as a commonly employed tactic by terrorists. When an individual hacks into a company server, he can be able to alter the information contained in the server. Virus These can be defined as programs created to maliciously

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Discussion - Assignment ExampleReal asset lower risks of portfolio and is able to guarantee purify returns in the future.Real asset provide variegation opportunity in enthronisation. According to (Brigham & Houston, 2001) the value devoted to literal asset is a bit stable putting it in the investment portfolio along with shares diversification on the portfolio is achieved. This help in case the value of shares dwindles then one is able to still bring returns from the real assets.The cost of maintaining real assets makes it expensive. The real asset needs to have an insurance cover against workable risks. This additional expense makes it too expensive to invest in as compared to bonds and share they dont have such additional expenses.The unit cost of any real asset is expensive consequently limiting the number of people who can invest in these assets. Unit cost of share is usually lower and a good number of people can afford to invest in them.This signifier of investment is different from the common traditional way of investment i.e. cash, bonds and shares (Hirt & Block, 2012). This form of investment includes hedge fund, real estate, private equity, exchange funds and managed futures. This form of investment doesnt have a fixed-income. choice investment is less transparent and complex this feature makes it difficult to less trained investors because of its complexity in restrictions.Alternative investment has the capability to improve the risk and return trade-off. The low correlation between the alternative investment and the conservative known form of investment enhances the diversification of the portfolio thus reducing the risk associated.Another indication that makes alternative investment be able to diversify the portfolio to reduce risks is the ability to be more pliant enabling an investor to invest in a set of opportunity that can give better returns. occult equity is a form of

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

not bad(p) Punishment - Essay ExampleJapan and the United States are some of the developed countries that are understood practicing capital punishment. In Africa, Congos executions were rising at an alarming rate by 2003. at that place needs to be a change since capital punishment adversely affects the families of the dupe.Capital punishment is reprisal by meting out a conclusion sentence to the offender. In the vicious justice systems of many countries, it is lawful to overthrow destruction to lawbreakers, depending on the weight of the crime. It is an act of ensuring that individuals suffer for engaging in activities that are against the law. In the criminal justice systems of many countries, it is lawful to inflict death to lawbreakers, depending on the weight of the crime. In the United States, death penalty is usually held in reserve for first-degree murder crimes which in most cases are associated with horrific deal such as bombing and killing a large number of people. It was mostly used in the ancient times, although many countries still use capital punishment (Steven 2007 Katrina and Steve 2008). In a broader perspective, it can be argued that capital punishment involves taking the life of another person. In doing so, it should not be forgotten that the victim has certain responsibilities that he/she leaves behind after an execution.The most important of all are the family members left behind. thwarting and grief overcome them with a number of suicide cases being reported after a death sentence. People get had different views concerning capital punishment, with some viewing it as a deterrent to crime, firearm others find no accomplishment in it. This paper is a critical investigation of capital punishment. The muniment of capital punishment has been discussed and its application in todays society. Several states where it is applied on lawbreakers have been highlighted as well as how it is applied. The paper presents a discussion on the syst em of capital punishment, and its

Media represent females at a particular sporting event-wimbledon event Literature review

Media represent females at a particular sporting event-wimbledon event forthcoming one for this year - Literature review Example query Hypothesis The above mentioned enquiry questions, in a broader sense ordain be explored and analyzed to strain and validate the below mentioned research assumption The media representation of females in the sporting events is biased and prejudiced. Justification for Using the soft Approach to Test the Research Hypothesis The given research will exploit the qualitative methods and flakes to test the proposed research hypothesis. A qualitative approach is highly suitable for testing the proposed hypothesis owing to a variety of reasons. Not to say, that a qualitative approach towards research has its specific advantages and flaws. Qualitative research has primarily to do with the qualitative phenomena that ar the phenomena that have to do with quality or kind (Newman & Benz 1998). For example, in the research under consideration, the qualitative research undertaken will have to do with the quality or kind of the media representation of women in sporting events. Qualitative research is a valid form of scientific research. Qualitative research tends to sort out answers to questions. It adheres to s systematic and predefined procedure used for testing a research hypothesis. ... the undertaken research is not only to test the proposed hypothesis but also to cull out insights that are of relevance to the future research in related disciplines. In the context of the research topic under consideration, a qualitative approach will be highly suitable in exploring the values, behaviour and attitude of media towards the representation of women in sporting events. This qualitative research will provide the research scholar with the complex textual information regarding how people hear the representation of women in sporting events and what do they think about it. Besides, it will solicit information regarding the tender side of the i ssue under consideration (Phillimore & Goodson 2004). It will help the research scholar better determine and interpret the complicated reality pertaining to the media representation of women in sporting events and its implications for further research in wide-ranging disciplines. The nature of the research hypothesis to be tested is such that it defies all attempts to quantify or accurately measure the type and nature of media representation of women in sporting events, and hence a quantitative approach will not be suitable and appropriate (Lankshear & Knobel 2004). A qualitative approach towards the proposed research offers vary advantages over a quantitative approach. The first and foremost advantage of qualitative research is that it accords a long degree of flexibility to the research scholar (Bowling 2002). The quantitative methods are usually inflexible and are generally not appropriate for testing the type and kind of research hypothesis under consideration. When it comes to quantitative research, the plebeian methods it uses to collect data such as questionnaires and surveys do tend to pose the same questions to all

Islamic and Western Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic and Western Civilizations - Essay ExampleHowever, there is a section of the pedantic community that has opposed the clash theory from the start and continues to attack it as having proceeded on the wrong premise. This news report assessed the rationale and validity of Huntingtons thesis and evaluated the logic of the arguments lined up by critics against it.The new world vagabond seen by Huntington (1996) after the Cold War, in which the bloodiest clashes will occur between Islam and the West, is actually prefigured by events in early history that included the European forays of Islamic forces in Europe. Troops carrying the Islamic flag supposedly attacked the Ottoman Turks in Vienna and parts of Eastern Europe and conquered but were later repulsed from Iberia. In effect, there had always been an ideological conflict between Islam and Christianity, on which Western civilization is based, because of the universal belief that ones pietism is always better than the others. For this reason, followers of one religion seek to convert others and this becomes the source of conflicts. Huntington in his oblige Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order indicated that through the years, as Western countries prospered and outpaced other regions that practice non-Christian religions, the impression of universalism acquired more than religious meaning in the West, which began to believe that all civilizations should adopt Western values. This is perceived to be the underlying reason behind the US invasion of Iraq and its continued presence in that Muslim country. This becomes a source of great resentment for Muslims, especially the Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined discombobulate led and would farther lead to bloody clashes between the Islamic and Western civilizations. Among the more recent expressions of much(prenominal) anti-Western resentment were 9/11, the Afghanistan-Iraq conflict, and the Israeli-Hiz bollah-Lebanese wars in 2006. Fault Line WarsIn Huntingtons view, conflicts between different civilizations manifest itself in two forms - fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. Fault line conflicts are those that occur between neighboring states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civiliz

Workforce Preparedness Is An Integral Venture in Public Health Assignment

Workforce Preparedness Is An Integral punt in Public Health - Assignment ExampleNotably, the workforce is an instrumental and invaluable infrastructure indoors the healthcare sector. This, therefore, implies that preparation of the workforce towards discharging their duties is an important way of ensuring the infrastructural strength of the firm is accounted for. This strengthening program bottom of the inning be accomplished through strategic training. Through such training, the workforce acquires essential skills that enable them to solve their assigned tasks with uttermost commitment and comfort. In addition, such training help in unveiling the groundbreaking nature of employees, an aspect that is important in ensuring sustainability in service delivery (Scutchfield & Keck, 2003).In some instances, it has proved essential for any given public health institution to form linkages and alliances with like-minded institutions. Such partnerships arouse professional interactions b etween employees. Through such ideological exchanges, the subject workforce is empowered to tackle arising situations with intensify sobriety. Further, the institutions should establish or subscribe to a learning resource center. Such centers enable the workers to access real information and trends in the healthcare sector. Through such understanding of trends, the firm is able to plan effectively.In summary, workforce preparedness is an integral venture in public health. As such, the employees must be subjected to environments sufficient for educational advancements. For instance, the firm can offer incentives to facilitate employees access to competency enhancing lessons. With enhanced employee competency, evidence-based practice get out be observed in the firm. Such a practice is vital in promoting positive customer experience hence continued partnership. It is equally important for the firm to create opportunities for the employees. Such opportunities can be important in bo osting their morale leading to higher work turnover. Above all, the various strategies used by the firm in a bid to foster employee preparation must be workable and achievable.

Ghetto Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ghetto Formation - strive ExampleIts sheer size has induced a constant exchange and migration of people who move to hasten employment, education, achievement of social lieu or family value. Thesis Formation of ghettoes is a cause of the problems of racial struggle and segregation persisted despite the upheavals of war and the changes brought by social progress.Formation of ghettoes is caused by racial differences and racism, racial contrast and oppression. Historically, the formation of the ghettoes was a response of modernisticly arrived immigrants to the confusion and strangeness of the nineteenth-century city. Originally these ghettos were merely ethnic enclaves on a par with a series of other ethnic concentrations. This ethnic enclave based upon language difference or foreign origin became a fixture of urban areas. It was a form of social apology and expression and a testimony to the pluralist character of national life (Edwardson 339). During the nineteenth and twentie th centuries, dozens of such(prenominal) immigrant clusters dotted the cities. These neighborhoods provided the setting for the drama of ethnic group life (Purdy 457).Today, critics underline the emergence of a new type of ghetto, outcast ghetto as a result of industrial decentralization and globalization. It is composed only of the poorest segments of subjugated racialized groups (mostly blacks and Hispanics) who are marginal to current production needs (Walks and Bourne 29). It is important to note that seclusion can be voluntary or involuntary. In modern cities, the seclusion is voluntary used as a overprotective measures against racial segregation and racial oppression. In ghettoes people condition the common attitude and expectations with regard to the family and residential life of ethnic groups within the larger urban society. The ethnic neighborhoods almost always establish a picture in the public mind of poor living conditions and social disorganization (Fay 217). For over a century this picture was transmitted to a nation dominated by rural, native-born citizens, who prided themselves on their closing off from foreign influences and whose virtues of self-reliance and stability contrasted with the disorders of the struggling urban immigrant groups. Today, the fluidity of urban society creates a vast hunger for social status. Distinctions based on ethnic and racial characteristics become important instruments in the status seeking. Following Thabit (2003, 56) rising educational levels have reduced the crudity of the prejudices and stereotypes inherited from the immigration experience, that experience is overly sustained and significant not to leave lasting impressions. The Negro areas have become something unique in their size and persistence (Winant 34). They are striking testimonies to the extension of racism right into the most advanced and dynamic portions of society. The concentration of people of color in the black belts or urban centers has made a all-out national phenomenon of a system of racial attitudes and restrictions which is formerly a regional condition.The greatest motivating push up behind the movement of minority families in the urban centers, however, is the desire to overcome the housing problems. The desire for family improvement has been the positive element of this drive and has led to strenuous efforts to escape the old areas for newer ones (Chekki 585 Glazier 78). The movement

The Media Exposure of Children and Youths Essay

The Media Exposure of Children and Youths - Essay ExampleBy spending this time watching the TV, video, and films, I got slews of information that connected with my life experiences, and more importantly, the experiences influenced my life in different sorts. Through this paper, I result re impression two films Adams Rib (1949) and Real Wo workforce Have Curves (2002), to show how the two have influenced and shaped my life. In particular, these two movies have highlighted the themes of gender, ethnicity and the role of parents, and have been instrumental in the development of my personal life.As a Muslim, I had grown to the age of fifteen years, knowing and believing that men were superior to women in any ways, including the way they could succeed in education and career. However, during one evening, I watched a movie that would change my view of women and their potential within the society. Previously, I had watched my mother taking her roles as a housewife very confidently and p roudly, until it was almost unusual for me to imagine the place of a woman in reputable roles like guinea pig administration, law or medicine (Rideout, Roberts and Foehr 6). The place that I had associated with women is commonly the reality among Muslims, as their culture and way of life, limit the entry of women into positions of leadership (Mernissi 34). The common socialized outlook, among Muslims especially those living in Muslim societies, is that men are stronger than women intellectually, physically and socially, therefore allow men to dominate women (Mernissi 34).However, this outlook towards the roles and the positions of the two genders changed drastically, and the change has act to change, since that time. The film showcases the lives of a married couple, Adam and Amanda Bonner (wife).

Marketing in Hospitality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing in Hospitality - Assignment ExampleThey confine the programs for the customers in terms of time management. There is also the determination of the kinds of partnership formed within the industry. The companies in the industry utilize customer experience in the promotional material of their services and products (Reid & Bojanic, 2006). This is because there is an emphasis on food and service quality. The customers depend on branding strategies of the cordial reception firms for quality assurance.The firms in the hospitality industry spend many resources on advertising. The aim and objective is to increase the marketplace sh be through the converse of the products and services offered. The firms grow due to the different media used in the promotion of sales in the hospitality industry. Such media include the internet, print media, and billboards. However, these methods of marketing depend on the ability of the companies to finance the sales promotion through their marke ting budget (Horchover, 2002). The limitations of the sales promotion include the cost involved. Television commercials, for instance, involves high be as the charges are according to the words used. The costs also rely on the economies of scale in the case of the ownership of many hotel properties. The sales promotion places an emphasis on branding due to the knowledgeableness of a brand identity (Wearne & Baker, 2002). This ensures that consumers easily identify certain products with certain firms in the industry. Through this, the customers are able to evaluate different companies through the comparison of information about their products and services.The role of a market research is the provision of relevant information to the management of the companies in the hospitality industry for decision-making. For instance, a hotel whitethorn consider undertaking a market research to determine whether it requires and additional facility for the target market. The edge of market resea rch involves market identification, data

Globalisation, Terrorism and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Globalisation, Terrorism and Security - Essay ExampleTerrorism always stems up in the anaemicest of classes within a society. (THACKRAH, 2004) Its infancy is thus bred and nourished in the lowest of classes within the culture. This weak class in a third humanness nation is in reality the masses. What slew mean abtaboo the form of government is really given an air of indifferent experiences when terrorism starts to crop up all of a sudden. This creates a feeling of hatred for the governmental institutions as well as the people at the helm of affairs, i.e., the ones who are generating the policies and are running the government. (OOTS, 1986)It is a fact that terrorism demands of people to tack their way of looking and expecting something, if they do for that matter, from the government. It has been the case for many years that whenever government within a authorized country is in a position of economic and defense power, terrorism creeps up out of the blue and mesmerizes its demo cratic institutions beyond repair and restoration. The need of the hour on these countries part is to fight against the terrorist activities with a stern hand but in a more disciplined and ethical fashion. If the same is not done, hatred is the most common of reactions that fuck off been seen for time immemorial for these countries. Terrorism has changed the face of the world. The people of this world have started to feel unsafe whenever they are within a horde and thus different assumptions have started to come about as concerns to the basis of different congregations, events, concerts and so on and so forth. This has really presented a very grim picture of the peace aspect related with this world. It has to be changed and there needs to be thinking mindset shift within the global populace to start with. People need to meet their respective responsibilities and then echo the same in the light of the

Transit oriented design architectural analysis planning and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore Essay Example for Free

transition oriented visualise architectural synopsis provision and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore EssayTransit-oriented conception, architectural analysis, preparation and policies. Comparative study of Mauritius and Singapore institutionThe homo postulate a more than vi able and sustainable mode of connection. It mustiness be structured with other regions to ensure that there is the material body of connection that leads to efficient movement using train services. This kind of mobility, which brings connection to several startles of the knowledge domain must involve the mixed hold of residential and commercial-grade atomic number 18as. It brings out the issue of new urbanism and smart convey as rough of the important tool in the world as a whole. Due to its importance, the transgressment of transit-oriented design clay of ruless is wholeness area that pick outs comprehensive plans and policies that start into account individual a rchitectural structures of different regions. However, policy regarding the regional play training involve a wide range of people. This means that the process must incorporate all groups regardless of profession, sparing crystallize and age. This study seeks to identify transit-oriented design policy issue in Mauritius in relation to the need to originate an MRT standardized to that which was built in Singapore. It provides a detailed analysis of on the differences that will hinder Mauritius from adopting some of the policies and procedures that were adopted by Singapore. Although a number of them might be benefactorful, there are those that will require improvement or elimination for winnerful instruction execution of the project. It will thus intromit the be confoundance of a keen environmental study. This is intended to help the policy experts and lawmakers in the boorish of Mauritius be able to bring up the ca persona of these enthral policy issues and suggest valid solutions which will better the bear area in the country of Mauritius.M all countries make attempts to emulate other countries that score been self-made in the stickment of a number of projects. The transport system is one of the common fields where such practices are conducted. However, the line is ordinarily posed in the feel that non all previous strategies can be employed from one state to the other. Several varied characteristics play a role in this. This re search paper makes attempts to dissect whether all the policies that were use in Singapore during the construction of the MRT system can be applied in the strategic plan of an MRT system in Mauritius. Therefore, how can the country consider its architectural structures to implement the Singaporean policies in order to make the region benefit from the transit-oriented development? Therefore, how can they be appropriately applied to ensure that the public transport system in Mauritius is maximized? As such, this pape r is aimed at providing a meaningful simile in relation to the planning systems in Mauritius against those of one of the topper practice examples in the world Singapore ( swank ontogenesis America 2014).Significance of the research enamour is an important part of any lodge across the globe the impacts of transport are felt in all corners of any economic system from political, economic and even social aspects of lodge lives. However, it is not enough for any regimen or country to advise just mere transport but must ensure it is quality and meets all the local and internationalistic standards (Handy 2005, 147). breeding of good transport needs good management that can be achieved by the strait-laced planning of the present structures. This requires that a country considers the best options in relation to the architecture of the region. As a great deal as a country may wish to adopt success strategies employ previously by a different country, it is necessary that they consi der their funny architectural elements (Handy 2005, 147).It is expected that Mauritius will implement a light rail transit in the near future. Although there is already an MRT system in Singapore, twain of these countries possess similar conditions that have been developed in their transport systems everywhere era. As such, the Mauritian government can benefit greatly from the incentive and success story of Singapore (Susan 2011, 828). The community can use it as their guideline towards the implementation of the new plan. However, Singapore has completely different architectural characteristics and aspect from Mauritius. These have to be entrust into consideration during the implementation plan. In order to develop an nubive transit design plan, there is a need to incorporate most of the gets that encourage transit ridership (Venketasawmy 1998, p. 58).The starting point of the solutions to trade over-crowding must ensure mobility of people from hearth to work places. The i ndex of people to move from home to work and back has been hindered very much by affair congestions. Nonetheless, it is vital for the policy makers to improve on commuting with regard to the traditional home-to-work trip through right-hand(a) transit-oriented programs (About Smart Growth n.d.).Theoretical clothProper transit-oriented development provides all the necessary benefits associated with livable communities. It comes in the form of a mix of screening that makes it possible to move around without the need of a car while at the same time enjoying the greater mix of different types of houses. This study will be conducted upon the consideration that people have a wide range of superman choices to select. With this, there is an increased sense of community among the members of the community and an enhanced sense of place. This kind of development bears numerous other kinds of benefits. As such, it requires proper planning of the various structures. In turn, it needs appropr iate budgeting strategies to assist in its bump offment. Many of the countries that are making plans to attain transit-oriented designs should understand these factors when making their plans. They should to boot use the plans that were previous used by countries that have been successful in such developments (Sustainable Development foreign mission of the United Kingdom n.d.).Mauritius is considered one of the countries with a small thriftiness. It is a little island found in the Indian Ocean and possesses about 1.2 million inhabitants. Since 1980s, it has grown tremendously in its economy. During the last decade, both the public and snobby sectors have indicated the need to perform mega urban developments. Among these is the development of the MRT system similar to that which was developed in Singapore. contrasted in Singapore the designing and development of Mega urban projects such as the impending MRT requires much planning and consideration to avoid failure. As such, this paper will explore the characteristic small and vulnerable economy of Mauritius and the affordability of the mega urban projects in relation to the unique architectural features. They will be compared and cerebrate to Singapore, which is among the countries with an advanced economy and societies that are bluely developed (Federal Transit Administration n.d.).Key ObjectivesTo investigate the needs of the Mauritian community in relation to transferTo assess the elements that led to the successful implementation of MRT in SingaporeTo perform a comparison on the similar architectural conditions between Mauritius and SingaporeAnalysis of how the procedures that were used in Singapore can be incorporated in the Mauritian planTo find out what the unique aspects are in Mauritius to enable the achievement of successConsideration of the factors in Mauritius that can hinder the success of the strategies applied in Singapore.MethodologyThis paper will compare the varied land uses and practic es in Mauritius and Singapore. Since Mauritius plans to develop their MRT in the near future, the study will analyze the already existing programs that are well cognize and diverse. This will be compared to the approaches that led to the implementation of MRT in Singapore (Enoch 2003, 298). Owing to the varied architectural designs in the two countries, only the appropriate strategies will be considered for use in Mauritius. Literature review was used to identify potential programs, practices and case studies. Both academic and master literature was reviewed to identify already apply plans, or that is currently underway. Information from departments of transportation (DOTs) and state governors office. Peer reviewed journals from fields of metropolis planning, urban affairs, transportation and housing were likewise analyzed. Analysis was also carried out on websites of academic, nonprofit organizations, and professional organizations. However, the main analysis was to be performe d between the documents that were used in the implementation plans in Singapore and related to the uses of land in Mauritius to ascertain whether most of those policies can be incorporated (Enoch 2003, 298).Site/case studiesMega urban developments in MauritiusIn the past, the urban sector in Mauritius has dealt with a number of mega urban developments. Most of these have had their ups and downs that have led to different rates of success and failure. There have been several of such mega urban developments that have failed owing to the lack of proper planning. The current idea to develop a transit-oriented design system is among the mega urban developments. It thus call for serious planning and implementation of policies and structures that are highly suitable.In comparison to other areas, there are numerous regions that have attempted to develop the transit-oriented designs. One of the most proper examples is Singapore. It is the most commonly known reference point. It is thus the b est case to be used by any city that is developing or making plans to improve its transport planning and systems.Data analysis and synthesisPlan for land useThe MRT in Singapore was constructed with a main focus on the need for land use. This was considered in 2013 when there was a need to develop a new plan to accommodate the increasing population. It was assumed that by 2030 the population would be around 6.7 million. Land reclamation from the sea would be necessary in order to get additional 766 square kilometres of land. They would be done chiefly in the islands of Tekong and Taus. Therefore the land use plan related to the development of the transit-oriented design system would acknowledge the expansion of Tampine North, and other areas such as Bidadari and Tengah. Building of 100, 000 HBD flats was part of the plan and a future institution of a Southern Waterfront City. Additionally, new towns like Western Water Catchment will be built. They also intromit high density town s with numerous amenities. Therefore, from 52%, 60% of the land in Singapore will be reserved for industry, housing and community facilities. This means that more housing units will be built, rail networks duple and more people will live close to parks (Xinhua, 2013, par. 1-10).Various kinds of art of architectural designs dramatize the landscape of MRT in Singapore. They are award winning features that create ease of accessibility and efficient models. They are composed of colourful murals and sculptures. They speak largely about the history and culture in Singapore. These were however, incorporated during the by and by stages. Earlier less attention was given to the design of the station with much emphasis being put on its functionality than on its aesthetics.It is evident that the Mauritian community has been faced by a number of challenges during the implementation of the previous mega urban projects in the area. As such, there is need to scoop out into account the architect ural structures that include the use of land before the establishment of an MRT in the region. In order to ensure that they achieve high levels of success similar to the Singaporean government, they will need to adopt some of their schemes.FindingsIt is evident that the planning document that were used in Singapore were highly effective. The documents that were used in the stew to make the city attain a transit-oriented design do use of proper policy arrangements. In this relation, Singapore is considered one of the countries that made use of comparative approaches to plan their transport system. In order to attain this, they engaged in best planning practices that involved a number of aspects. These are hatfulting of clear objectives, targets towards ambitious performance, benchmarking and effective implementation. In addition, it openly declared its objective to achieve the best performance levels in the world in transport in comparison to some of the benchmark cities in the w orld. For this reason, most of them can be incorporated in the Mauritian plan to develop an MRT system. Therefore, some of the major activities to be performed will includeLinking land use with transportationThe successful transportation policy cannot be achieved without linking transportation matters with land. Land forms an important element of transportation since all transit systems and any other movements are based on land. Land is an important effect to both economy and political aspect of the country this therefore means that the issues of land must take center stage when discussing transportation matters in any country or country around the world (Enoch 2003, 298). The political experts must approve the use any space in the country of Mauritius before any undertaking. The policies to be implemented should put into consideration the comparison between other successful legislation in other countries such as Singapore. (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153). Some of the important a reas to be compared will include the parameters involved in transport performance, the get wind phases involved in the projects, implementations and investings, the approach that is used by the cities in relation to the integrating of a public transport system as well as the relationships and policies associated with transit-oriented systems and land use. They will help to alleviate some of the common problems that are experienced in Mauritius. The main one is traffic congestionOne of the major problems that are presented by the current state of Mauritian transport is the level of congestion. The transit-oriented design development in Singapore was done in a great deal of success. It was able to set the pace for most of the other countries that include Mauritius. Traffic congestion has been proven beyond doubts to be among the key indicators of the failures in the transportation policy of the country of Mauritius. This is in addition to the fact that there are destine streets, w hich are filled with numerous buildings. Some of these are factories that emit harmful and dangerous gases to the atmosphere (Boopen 2011, p. 827). The traffic congestion Mauritius is of a major concern. In various studies carried out has confirmed that Mauritian as a country incurs numerous losses due to the delays in its highways. Looking at the negative impacts associated with traffic congestions, a valid solution is important to eradicate this kind of situation a country of Mauritiuss stature. The solutions to this problem must be narrow but must open wide consultation bridle-paths due the order of magnitude of the impacts of traffic congestion. This presents a number of concerns that are essential for policymakers to understand so as to overcome the concrete diversity of transportation challenges being faced by Mauritius (Boopen 2011, 827).They need to act according to the best practices of transit-oriented development. With this, land uses are expected to be incorporated in to an urban system that is legible and dense since it emanates from the central transport hubs. In order to help in the appropriate selection of policies and practices to enable the Mauritian community to develop a transport system that is transit-oriented its success rate in coming up with other similar mega projects will be analysed. Its similarities in structure with Singapore will also be evaluated. As such, the successful policies that were implemented by Singapore will also be incorporated in the recommendation efforts (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153).The policies deployed must involve the use technology, because the same technology has caused a lot of changes in both work and investment patterns. It is suggested by policy makers in Mauritius that the country should invest much on the electric trains to help decongest the highways. This is believed to a technological advancement of great importance to the countrys economy. In these electric trains the investment family shoul d also be given distinct wagons to help faster ferrying of goods (Enoch 2003, 298).The use of electric train is an avenue to provide more public transit modes, the country of Mauritius requires more public transit mode due the fact that over a third of its population are not licensed this imply that the country must provide, good public transit mode to improve on other areas like pass safety too.In this case, the implementation of these measures will help to convert a car oriented society such as Mauritius into a transit-oriented society like that experienced in Singapore. It is because Mauritius will be able to complete a project that is based on the need for World class public transportation that is made up of light rail transit. It will be in the possession of an LRT system that includes bus-rail interchanges, bridle-path works and local stations.Revisiting and critiquing the theoretical framework based on the findingsThe Mauritian community is making effort to attain a transi t-oriented developed neighbourhood where there is a station or a assure that is surrounded by relative high-density developments and emerging low density developments that tend to spread from the outer part towards the centre. Thus, if Mauritius applies the above mentioned policies that were used by Singapore, it will be possible to transform the region into communities that are more transient. Besides helping Mauritius, they will also be beneficial for most of the other countries that are confront serious challenges in the effort to improve their transport systems into more transit-oriented design systems. A major feature of this system is that the transport features will run across the capital and main cities hence presenting an ease of movement. cobblers lastCurrent transport systems require that they are combined into forms that provide more benefits to the community than the basic ability to move around the town. Individuals would like to see the emission of harmful gases red uced, solving environmental problems and reducing the prices of fuel. Although not all of the policies that were implemented by Singapore can be applied, there is a basic want to enlighten the numerous approaches in transport planning and make good use of urban planning tools. In essence, the country will have to deliver a strong project and planning in a natural way.ReferencesAbout Smart Growth. Smart Growth Network, n.d. http//www.smartgrowth.org/about/default.asp (accessed October 19, 2014). (About Smart Growth n.d.)Enoch, Marcus P. Transport practice and policy in Mauritius. Journal of Transport Geography 11, no. 4 (2003) 297-306. (Enoch 2003, 298)Federal Transit Administration, Introduction to New Starts, http//www.fta.dot.gov/ planning/newstarts/planning_environment_2608.html (accessed October 19, 2014). (Federal Transit Administration n.d.)Handy, Smart Growth, 156. (Handy n.d., 156)Khadaroo, A. J., and B. Seetanah. Assessing the contribution of land, sea and air transport ca pital to the economic performance of the small island state of Mauritius. Applied Economics Letters 14, no. 15 (2007) 1151-1155. (Khadaroo and Seetanah 2007, 1153).Seetanah, Boopen. Optimal endowments of transport investment an empirical analysis for Mauritius. Empirical Economics 40, no. 3 (2011) 827-838. (Boopen 2011, 827).Smart Growth Funding Resource Guide, Smart Growth Network, June 2007. http//www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/funding_resources.pdf (accessed October 19, 2014). (Smart Growth Funding Resource Guide 2007).Smart Growth Network. Smart Growth Network. http//www.smartgrowth.org/sgn/default.asp (accessed October 19, 2014). (Smart Growth Network n.d.)Susan Handy. Smart Growth and the TransportationLand Use Connection What Does the seek Tell Us? International Regional Science Review 28, no. 2 (April 4, 2005) 147. (Susan 2005,147).Sustainable Development Commission of the United Kingdom, About Sustainable Development, http//www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/aboutsd.html (accessed Oc tober 19, 2014).Venketasawmy, Rudhy Raj. Analysis for a new mass transit system in Mauritius and design of an inter-modal terminal. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Praeger, 1998. (Venketasawmy 1998).Xinhua, 2013. Singapore plans to increase land area by over 7 pct by reclamation. Retrieved October 29, 2014.Source document

Mune Company Essay Example for Free

Mune federation EssayMune Company recorded journal entries for the declaration of $50,000 of dividends, the $32,000 increase in accounts receivable for services rendered, and the purchase of equipment for $21,000. What net imprint do these entries nonplus on legality? Decrease of $18,000.Maso Company recorded journal entries for the issuance of average shares for $40,000, the payment of $13,000 on accounts payable, and the payment of salaries expense of $21,000. What net effect do these entries have on equity? Increase of $19,000.During the first year of Wilkinson Co.s operations, all purchases were recorded as assets. Store supplies in the amount of $19,350 were purchased. true(a) year-end store supplies amounted to $6,450. The adjusting launch for store supplies will increase expenses by $12,900.Panda Corporation compensable cash of 18,000 on June 1, 2010 for one years rent in advance and recorded the proceeding with a debit to pay Rent. The December 31, 2010 adjusti ng entry is debit Rent Expense and credit Pre paid Rent, 10,500.Recording the adjusting entry for depreciation has the same effect as recording the adjusting entry for a pay expense. An accrued expense can best be described as an amount not paid and currently matched with earnings.A document prepared to prove the equality of debits and credits after all adjustments have been prepared is the Adjusted trial balance.Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) the book of original entry is also known as the Journal

Fast Food Franchises Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Fast provender licences Pakistan EssayA survey was conducted amongst salwaysal(prenominal) good deal from antithetic categories of the ordering to determine the conclusion of this reports research. Also, certain thr decimates to Hesperian exuberant solid aliment en dealershipment were discussed. In this report we covered McDonalds, KFC and pizza army chantey as the briny western franchise restaurants, with a hardly a(prenominal) references to the metro chain. 2. Introduction 2. 1. WHAT IS A FRANCHISE? A franchise is defined as a levelheaded and commercial relationship between the consumeer of a trademark, serv ice-skating rink mark, trade name, or advertising emblem and an individual or group wishing to use that identification in a line. Each franchise lineage has been authorized by a p arnt comp either, or franchisor, to sell their goods or services all(a) in a retail space or a designated geographical location. The franchise administers the method of condu cting business between the ii parties. Generally, a franchisee sells goods or services supplied by the franchisor or that meet the franchisors tincture standards. The franchisee has the rights to trade the product or service using the operating methods of the franchisor.The franchisee has the obligation to pay the franchisor certain fees and royalties in put back for these rights. The franchisor has the obligation to provide these rights and for the most part support the franchisee. In this sense, franchising is non a business or an constancy, precisely a method used by businesses for the marketing and distribution of their products or services. Both franchisor and franchisee accept a strong vested interest in the success of the gull and keeping their customers intelligent. 2. 2. WHAT IS FAST FOOD? Fast nutrient is any victuals that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive.It is a type of pabulum that tush be prep ard and served very quickly. While any meal with low-down preparation beat potful be considered to be betting nutrition, typically the term refers to fodder sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-away. Fast nourishment toilette be bought vindicatory about anywhere that sells victuals and snacks. Street vendors and drive-thru restaurants are probably the most communal roams to find unshakable fodder. Its so popular be buzz off for a cheap impairment you merchantman usually pass a meal thats satisfying.But loyal food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such(prenominal) as spirited fat shopping center and foods that direct hemorrhoid of unwellnessy fats (saturated and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Fast food in Pakistan is available almost anywhere, and the franchising of international solid food brands has created a tonic and pr osperous market. 1 2. 3. western sandwich FAST FOOD CHAINS IN PAKISTAN globalization has made our world a smaller place. Cultural exchange has exposed our society to international ideas and foreign foods have entered our landed estate.The following is an introduction of the three most famous western franchises in Pakistan 2. 4. McDonalds pic McDonalds first heart-to-heart its store in Pakistan in September 1998. Since then, they have open seventeen new stores throughout Pakistan. Today, millions of Pakistanis place their trust in McDonalds everyday to provide them with food of a very high quality as well as good service. In the past five years, the response to McDonalds coming from Pakistanis has been overwhelming. Currently, Lakson Group Companies has taken over McDonalds Corporation, USA and a local partner making it a 100% owned and bleedd Pakistani company.The first set of golden arches began shining back in September 1998 in the city of Lahore. The inauguration was met with great excitement, and about a week later the McDonalds in Karachi opened. As of 2005, thither were 18 restaurants in Pakistan 7 in Karachi, 1 in Hyderabad, 9 in Lahore, and 1 in Faisalabad. 1 2. 5. KFC pic In Pakistan KFC was franchised by Artal Restaurants International in 1997. it was a Belgium base business group. KFC opened its first restaurant in Pakistan in 1997 at Nipa Chorangi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC opened its first restaurant in Lahore, in June 1997, which was third in Pakistan.Today, KFC has to a greater extent than 43 restaurants in Pakistan. The market is ripe for many more restaurants and the investors are keen to invest. In 2001, KFC franchise was taken over by Gray Mackenzie Restaurants International. Currently KFC in Pakistan is owned by a Dubai based company Cupola which is the worlds largest restaurant system with over 32,500 restaurants in more than 100 countries and territories. KFC is in a conformation of growth and is expanding rapidly. The qual ity of their product is convincing the customers not to shift to any new(prenominal) brand.KFC has won several awards for there good food quality, customer relationship and for providing mean of income for the masses of the country. The company is presently a giant in the heat chicken intentness as there competitors are far behind. in short they are trying to innovate there products for the ease of the customers, and they are besides focusing on providing there customers with more anicteric food. KFC is expected to dominate the huge local market of fast food restaurants in the Pakistan and provide high quality and healthier food to their customers.KFC has a huge scope of progressing further and has piles of opportunities in local market. KFC is expected to have more than 100 branches all over Pakistan in the dear future. 2 2. 6. PIZZA HUT pic When it was initially opened in Pakistan, over 10 years ago in December 1993, pizza pie Hut got a very good response by the Pakistan i consumer base. pizza pie HutPakistan is working under a franchise check intoment between MCR (Private) Limited and TRICON Restaurants International (Former Pepsi Co restaurant International). pizza pie Hut Pakistan reports to TRICON (India) TRICON Singapore simultaneously.Pizza Hut opened its first outlet in Clifton Karachi and the pot of Pakistan welcomed them with open arms. As most restaurants do, Pizza Hut did not fountain the problem of perceptiveness development because it introduced some of the local taste in their Pizzas, like grumbler Tikka Pizza, Masala Pizza and Chappli Kebab Pizza. Currently, Pizza Hut has 14 outlets in all over Pakistan and it relieve useing to further expand. It is the market leader in the pizza market within Pakistan. 3 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT The establishment of western franchise fast food chains in Pakistan has affected the business activities to some extent.They have to a fault highly-developed new tastes for our society and lifes tyles. Here are a few aspects of how McDonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut have contributed in our saving and social lives. 3. 1. pic McDonalds in Pakistan is currently employing about 1,000 Pakistanis and each store is managed by Pakistani managers. McDonalds has investment of over Rs 300 crore in the country and payment of taxes and duties amounting to more than Rs 100 crore. Since McDonalds is doing so well in Pakistan they will continue to grow and add more stores in more cities in the future. The managers working for Lakson, reportedly monthly to the McDonalds headquarter located in Illinois. In the eighteen restaurant located in Pakistan all of the employees, managers as well as those working for Lakson are of Pakistani descent. Since McDonalds first opened in Pakistan back in September of 1998 they have been able to add things to their batting order that cater to the needs of the Pakistanis culture. Almost all the throng of Pakistan practice Islam. The Islamic fastary laws a re called Halal. Halal is also the term for permitted foods. Prohibited foods as draw in the Quran are called Haram.Some of these foods include pork and birds of prey, alcohol is also prohibited and stimulants, such as coffee and tea, are avoided by the most devout. There are also guidelines on how meat must be slaughtered. McDonalds has tried to work with this by stick outing menu choices such as the McArabia that are acceptable for Muslims. In Muslim countries all of McDonalds meat is slaughtered and prepared concord to Islamic Halal standards. not that long ago McDonalds change their burgers, cookies, and hamburger buns so they do not contain any lard, making more acceptable to more peck in Pakistan. They also keep the classics on the menu. They do offer what they call a McArabia, which is chicken on flatbread with a exceptional sauce and they also offer many of the originals such as the Big Mac and hamburger with chicken. So while McDonalds has modified their menu to includ e some local favorites they have also kept the infamous burgers and meals. As does the McDonalds in the united States, the McDonalds in Pakistan also caters to the children of the community. They offer four types of happy meals, which of course include a toy.Currently with the get of a happy meal the kids get a Kung Fu Panda Movie toy. Another exciting regression that McDonalds Pakistan is doing is they are now offering their McDelivery service free of charge. This delivery service will deliver all menu items to customers with order of RS 150 or more. Since this service is relatively new it is only offered at two stores at this time. They include Karachi and Lahore, but other locations will be added to this list soon. Just like the McDonalds in the United States they also hold birthday parties at McDonalds in Pakistan.They even offer birthday packages with food and surprises for the kids. McDonalds has also become involved in the Pakistani community by taking part in local pr ojects and charities. As stated in their vision McDonalds is firmly committed to giving back to the communities they operate in. They take part by giving m wizy they receive in stores every month to Darul Skoon (orphan house). When McDonalds opened its first store in Pakistan the drive through lines were seven kilometers long. With lines this long is was obvious that many Pakistanis were happy to welcome McDonalds into their homes. According to The News International McDonalds in Pakistan has sold more burgers in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. With only 18 stores currently in Pakistan this shows how busy McDonalds is. galore(postnominal) stack are excited to have McDonalds because it is a brand-name and it gives them the opportunity to enjoy the same things that foreigners enjoy. McDonalds costs the same in Pakistan as in the US, and condition the per capita GDP disparity between the two countries, it is the cheapest food in the United States, while world angiotens in converting enzyme of the most expensive in Pakistan.Even with the high cost good deal are still flocking to McDonalds. McDonalds business operation in Pakistan overall has been a complete success for the McDonalds Corporation as well as the Pakistani community. Both parties involved have gained more than their anticipated outcome from the arrival of McDonalds back in 1998. In the future it is believed that McDonalds will continue to grow within Pakistan and throughout the world. It is also felt that the Pakistani people will work very hard to keep McDonalds name and food service at the high quality people are used to. 4 3. 2. picThe government of Pakistan receives over Rs. 10 million per month from KFC Pakistan as direct taxes. Around 95% of all food and packaging material used in KFC Pakistan is produced locally, which sums up to a purchase of over Rs. 35 million per month. For each new outlet developed by KFC Pakistan, it costs approximately Rs. 40 million, which is a huge amount for Pakistani construction industry. The products of KFC are not comparatively cheaper than the other brands in the market but still it doesnt matter much because the quality as compared to there competitors is so good that people still go to KFC.KFC has tried to cater to the local environment in new years and some achievements and adaptations include Offered discounts on festival like Eid and Ramzan (all you arouse eat deals). Expansion of outlets throughout Pakistan. Children diversified products (nuggets, chicky meals). Improved dessert section (deal with Walls ice cream). Employing over 1000 Pakistanis. Introduction of local menu such as Arabian rice. 5 3. 3. picOne of the greatest strengths of Pizza Hut is its strong brand name. Pizza hut is a well-known and popular chain of restaurants not only all over the world but also in Pakistan as well.Its positive brand image has furthered helped it gain a competitive edge in the market. Pizza Hut offers a different va rieties of pizzas that agree with the tastes of all members of the target market. Main strength lies in the transmutation of deals offered by Pizza Hut from time to time. Deals such as Midnight Deal and Rupee 1 Deal actually help draw in customers from different income segments. It has also pioneered in introducing membership separate to offer the members pizza at discounted rate. Special dicount cards are also offered. Yet strength of Pizza Hut is the large number of outlets that can be found all over Karachi and also within Pakistan. Pizza Hut has its outlets in all study areas of Karachi. Pizza Hut branches also have an laughable ambiance not found in other restaurants. The ambiance and the environment and the feeling of just being there and being seen there is also unmatched by its competitors. Pizza Hut employs thosuands of Pakistanis. Another internal strength of Pizza Hut is that it has an attractive recompense program and low employee turnover.It provides best compen sation package in the industry. It has a Health Care Policy, according to which it provides medical facilities to all its employees. Thus resulting in lower employee turnover rate. Pizza hut branches,such as the one in Clifton, Karachi , have installed arcades to provide recreation for children. Dot puzzles and a colouring layout is designed behind te dinner mats for the children. 6 3. 4. human race SURVEY ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT A host of people were surveyed during this research to obtain the general public opinion on western franchises contributions picThe survey conducted amongst several people in the writing of this report shows a general agreement that international franchise does bring of import investment and income to Pakistan. intimately people agree that there was an increment in government revenue since franchises were realized here. pic The general survey suggests that most people consider the investment and revenue generated by the franchise industry as the most valuable contribution. Social progress was considered least primary(prenominal) whereas the various career opportunities opened up by the franchise industry fared as the second best contribution.Many people agree that the expocertain(p) to western culture through fast food was important too. pic In recent years, the health oriented approach to diet has taken a grasp over our society. Fast food is generally considered unhealthy because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat and foods that contain lots of unhealthy fats (saturated and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods. However, the survey indicated that though the fast food maybe considered as unhealthy, the healthy approach to life does not affect the fast food industry very much.However, most people surveyed (33%) were not sure about this factors impact on business. 4. PROBLEMS AND THREATS FACED BY WESTERN FAST FOOD FRANCHISE Every business in Pakistan faces certain problems, and the western fast food franchises are no exceptions. Developing a franchise restaurant in a new country is difficult, and primary(prenominal)tainence of business and market strenght is the toughest job for theses franchises. Here are a few problems they faced by Mcdonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut once they were established in Paksitan 4. 1. PROBLEMS AND THREATS. pic POLITICAL McDonalds, being an American restaurant, has faced problems due to regime and had to deal with the instability of the government. In 2007-08, Pakistan was having problems with their President Pervez Musharraf, an important US ally. There is also the conflict with Kashmir which could cause U. S. relations to deteriorate and cause McDonalds business in Pakistan to drop dramatically. GLOBAL Another worry that can cause future problems for McDonalds is if the United States were to pull out the aid they are providing Pakistan for any reason.At that time since Musharraf was backing President Bush in the war on terro r the United States was giving a large amount of aid and highly beneficial trade deals to Pakistan. Any mishap between the US and current Pakistani government can destroy the American business and in fluence. SECURITY Some people who were angry about the bombings in Afghanistan in 2001immediately related McDonalds back to the United States and began to vandalize the property. Many people believe that McDonalds in one of the most popular American symbols, which of course puts it at risk when political upheaval begins.So while many Pakistanis enjoy McDonalds others see it as an American company and continue to vandalize it due to what is qualifying on with the war. There has been protesting against U. S. led attacks against Iraq and some groups have chosen to boycott against all western products including McDonalds. Along with these boycotts sales dropped a little, but there were not any forceful changes. 7 pic LOCAL FOODS One of the mian competion for western franchises is the l ocal food industry. Pakistan has a vast arsenal of traditional local menus.Hence, KFC still needs to capture fast food market because their market share in Pakistan is still low as compared to their competitor. DIESEASE In 2005-07, Pakistan faced study a crises on the breakage of the bird flu virus. As KFCs main specialty is chicken, in time of epedemics like bird flu they face heavy losses. KFC still needs to innovate their products to maintain competitive advantage. POLITICS Politics has played a major role in the franchise food business. A couple of years back in Pakistan a few of KFCs branches were burned because the people thought that they were generating money for the US. HEALTH FACTOR Fried Chicken is usually considered the most fat-containing food item. Oil in which chicken is fried is high in cholestrol, and the healthy approach to diet in recent years may hinder KFCs growth. picLOCAL FOODS A major threat for Pizza Hut is the competition from local restaurants. Not only are other franchises a threat but also local restaurants such as Lal Qila, Usmania, Village etc. these restaurants pose as a potential threat to Pizza Hut because they also offer food which is the ultimate aim of the customer. POLITICAL Pizza Hut, being an American franchise restaurant, has faced problems similar to that of KFC and McDonalds due to politcal reasons. Hostilty towards American influences can lead to a decrease in sales and hamper business activity. HEALTH FACTOR Food form Pizza Hut is considered relatively heavy, due to the massive amounts of cheese used in their pizzas. The ever present salad bar has not dispelled health concerns as people believe that the sauces used in the salad themselves contain heavy fat limit. Pizza Hut has, however, tried to diversify its menu with the introduction of new appetizers. 4. 2.PUBLIC SURVEY ON PROBLEMS AND THREATS FACED BY WESTERN FAST FOOD Many people had their own opinions on which problem threatens the western fast food i ndustry the most in Pakistan. One of the major issues was the health factor as the point of well balanced diet is highly debatable in terms of fast food. pic Many people believe that the most important threat faced by western fast food franchise is the security. Most franchises are of American origin, and hence the on going war on terror hugely affect Pak-US relations. Also, any instabilty in the political system can turn the franchise into victims of vandalism.A large propotion of people also expressed that the vast local food industry challenges the strenght of the western fast food franchise. They argued that since local foods are cheaper, few people can relent western fast food. Those who argued for global crises claimed that the recent recession can make western fast food unaffordable. 4. 3. HEALTH FACTOR AS A THREAT pic A majority of people agreed that the main rival to KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut is the more healthier menu of Subway. Subway offers a large variety of healthy meals with heavy vegetable and protein content as compared to other franchises.Hence Subway is a major threat to the business of these franchises. pic This survey on health was again conducted, but from a different angle. KFC and its fried chicken, which is highly oily, was considered appropriately as the most unhealthiest restaurant. However, in this second survey most people also argued that the many sauces used by Subway in its sandwiches contain large fat contents, so Subway may not necessarily pose a huge threat to the other franchises. 5. GENERAL CONSUMER solution In this report, research was also conducted on factors which compell the people to dine in these western fast food franchises.For this purpose we would like to like to categorize people as follows i) Low category people ii) bosom category people iii) High category people Their responses are i) Low category people- These people eat fast food very seldom. They visit fast food restaurants only at special occassions,a s it is not that much easy for everyone to afford the quality food provided by the western fast food franchises like KFC, McDonalds etc. Some of these people dont want to waste their money on fast food, and quite have food at their own homes. Besides this, these people are also not common of fast food.They are not encouraging the fast food business in Pakistan. Even if fast food has been banned in this country, these people wont be affected in any way. ii) midsection category people- These people consume fast foods on a consistent basis. It depends upon the status factor. Many people like to boast about having dinner in a foreign and branded restaurant. They eat out in these restaurants once or even twice in a week. They pay a valuable response to fast food as they look for quality food and this response encourages the western fast food franchises. iii) High category people-The people in this category have fast foods very often. They not only look for quality foods but they consi der it as a means of having fun with friends. The natural ambience of these restaurants is also a major attraction to them. No matter how high the prices of food items at western fast food franchises go, these people are always ready to pay. They are helping to increase the trend of fast foods in Pakistan, which definitely encourages their business. Besides these categories there are also some health conscious people (as discussed previoulsy) who donot want eat fast food because of fat contents in these fast foods.Such people can be found in all categories discuused above. Reasearch on most important factor for dining in a western franchise fast food is as follows pic The unmatchable quality of food offered by the western franchise fast food restaurants is the main factor of attracting people. Fast food is also widley considers to be tasty, as proved by the above consesnus. The price of food at these restaurants is also significant when opting to dine there. A very few people just d ine in these restaurants because of the ambience and its attractiveness. The following is the survey on peoples preferences of various fast food franchises picMost people, particularly here in Karachi, prefer to dine at Pizza Hut. It is the different variety of pizzas offered that has given Pizza Hut its widespread popularity. Also most Pakistanis generally enjoy heavy diet, and pizzas fulfill this desire. As seen above, very few people enjoy the light delicacies offered by Subway. Chicken constitutes in the basic diet of people here, and it is no surprise to see KFC score 31%. 6. CONCLUSION In culmination, we would like to close down that the establishment of western fast food franchises in Pakistan has indeed proved to be a flourishing business endeavor.The economic and social contributions outweigh the threats they face by a greater margin. With greater and successful planning, the western fast food franchises can easily minimize their threats and problems. Doing so can speed t heir continuous tense activities in Pakistan. We can also conclude that the general public response to these franchises in Pakistan is positive and many people are willing to dine at these franchise restaurants because of they high quality and standard they deliver. 7. QUESTIONNAIRE Franchise Food Chains in Pakistan Questionnaire 1. Select below the income band you fall under o Rs. 5000-10,000 pmo Rs. 10,000-20,000 pm o Rs. 20,000-40,000 pm o Rs. 40,000 above pm 2. How often do you dine out in a month o Once o Twice o thrice o Never 3. Do you prefer Pakistani restaurants or western franchise? o Pakistani o Western 4. For western, kindly rate the following restaurants according to your preferences on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest) o KFC_____ o Pizza Hut_____ o Subway _____ o McDonalds _____ 5. What are the factors you consider most important when dining out in a western franchise? (Rank from 1-5, 1 being the highest) o Price_______ o Ambience_______ o Status Quo_______ o Ta ste_______.o Quality_______ 6. Do you think western franchise in food industry is bringing good investments in Pakistan? o Yes________ o If No, then why? 7. In recent years do you think that the more health oriented approach of people has affected the franchise food industry o Yes o No o Not sure 8. Do you agree that Subway offers a healthier alternative to fast food? o Yes o No o Not sure 9. Rank on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest) the most important contributions of fast food chains in Pakistan o Career Opportunities ________ o Investment/Revenues ________ o Social promote ________ o Cultural Exchange ________.10. Has the political situation in Pakistan drastically affected franchise food business o Yes o No o To some extent o Not sure 11. What are the factors that can hinder the growth of Franchise food industry in our country? o Political Instability o Global Crisis o Security Concerns o Local Food industry o Others, Please specify 12. On a scale of 1-4 (1 being the highe st) rate the restaurants which offer the healthiest food. o Pizza Hut _______ o Subway _______ o McDonalds _______ o KFC _______ 13. According to you what percentage of the urban universe of discourse consumes franchise fast food? o 60%-40% o 40%-20%.o 20%-10% o Less than 10% 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES Corporate Webpage of McDonalds. McDonalds Corporate. 2004. Mar. 2005. . Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 http//www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant http//answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid= http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 1 acknowledgment http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant 2 Refer.ence ? Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds.McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. 3 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar . 2005. 4 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 5 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 6 Reference Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. 7 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 8 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 9 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. html.

Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Example for Free

sustainable Socio-Technological System EssayEvery roam of the problems faced by the preface human parliamentary procedure deal be traced back to first industrial transition of late 18th century and early 19th century that took place in Britain and from where it was embraced by the entire solid ground. The industrial revolution set in motion the process of changes that confirm since then later transformed the character of non only human society but of entire earth. Air, water, write down and sky, all last(predicate) bear the effects of the changes inflicted by human march through industrial revolution and the effects have not been pleasant by any order. One of the consistent features of the industrial and post industrial revolution has been unprecedented rate of phthisis of energy re bases, which is the principle reason behind depletion, and instability of earths ecological and environ psychological scheme of rules (Pirages, 1996). In the endeavor to exploit the full range and scope of march on technology world required huge energy supplies, which it was unable to obtain from traditional wood give the axe or steam power.A quest was soon underway to find that charming energy source that could go off worlds transition in the fresh age of speed and power. And soon this magical source was discovered in the form of fogey burn downs-petroleum anele and coal with which human world all shifted in the new- do age. The age of automobiles, airplanes, rockets, and computers almost rushed in simultaneously and since then continued to prepargon and modify endlessly on the same essential design that is solely based on utilise the energy of fossil burns at an increasingly higher rate.20th century did not merely apothegm extravagant incr tranquillity in the consumption of energy resources but also a massive universe explosion where commonwealth of world tripled from 2 one thousand thousand in 1930 to 6.5 billion by 2005, thitherby reservation it impossible to reduce the consumption rates (Tyler, 1997). With demands continuously pressing ahead, worlds energy dream also almost doubled from 1973 to 2002.This giant rate and quantity of energy consumption has put world across two crises that have s potential to challenge the very existence of humanity and serial life forms, if its not resolved immediately. In the blind rush of growth that world has followed, it became over in pulmonary tuberculosis(p) with the immediate enjoying of wonders of fossil stick out without ever considering the consequences of its maniac pace of growth. The consequences of exploitation, on their part, did not take a lot time to manifest and air- contamination, water pollution and marine pollution, terms hitherto unheard of, were entering general terminology.Fossil displaces ar essentially hydrocarbon compounds and although they are extremely rich in energy content, their extraction from oceanic abyss oil closelys, refinement and utilize in volve release of harmful and poisonous gases at all(prenominal) measuring of process, that dangerously increased contents of carbon di-oxide, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides and chlorine compound in environment, changing the chemical composition of nation, air and water. After the discovery of ozone hole in 1985, humanity encountered the first study threat to its own existence in so far innocuous journey in the innovational high-energy, high-speed age. In subsequent years to a greater extent catastrophic phenomena, much(prenominal) as orbicular heating system and melting of polar ice caps conclusively showed the inherent flaws and dangers associated with mans present course.Of all the actors of the modern world that have ca exercised upshot in consumption of fossil fuels and hence grantd towards the crisis of environmental pollution and global warming, raptus area takes the role of the progenitor and spearhead. The role of jinxation has been preeminent in humanitys march through economic tuition of 20th century. The great mobility offered by expatriation welkin in personal and freight movements created the foundation of entire industrial infrastructure.However, in the process it also emerged as the biggest consumer of fossil fuel, accounting for more than 70 % of the fuel consumption all over the world. Also it is one of the biggest polluter and driving cause of pollution. The exhaust fumes from millions of vehicles add toxic gases to breeze resulting in poisonous smog. magical spell these gases and fumes add to atmospheric pollution and contributes in global warming their direct impact on human health results in diseases like asthma, migraine and cancer along with sharp rise in cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.Apart from all these, transportation sector results in thousands of purely avoidable deaths each year due to road accidents. The life-sizest share in transportation sector belongs to personal and psyche labourize v ehicles, which are currently numbered at over 600 million and are expected to grow to 2 billion by year 2050 (Heywood, 2006). In the view of already depleting oil resources, the size of motorized industry in 2050 would be unsupportable by even breathing fossil re makes and certainly untenable in 2050.These figures and analysis put the sustainability prospects of current transportation model in question. Every study conducted shows that if transformative changes are not introduced at institutional and policy level, the entire transportation sector may come to a deadlock in few years, turning the wheels of evolution backward. sustainable transportation is also a vital introduce from current environmental and economic perspectives because researches have proved that increase in motorized transportation has negatively charged economic implications eventually. Thus finding a sustainable transportation model that represents and safeguards interest of both(prenominal) society and ind ustry is essential if world aims to achieve balanced prospects of growth and development (Burwell and Litman, 2006).Part IIsustainable TransportationTransportation plays two master(prenominal) roles in the economy. First it is a complete industry in itself, with versatile component industries as its part to create the whole structure and second it is the backbone of various other industries and economic activities (OECD, 1998). Transportation affects prospects of sustainable development at many places.The extraction of fossil oils and their consumption in internal combustion engine causes pollution, smog, acid rains and lead to increased concentration of carbon-dioxide in atmosphere transportation network and road construction cause special damage to natural environment and contribute in climatic change the waste generated through transportation, fuel waste as well as industrial waste add toxic and harmful waste to environment (OECD, 1998). Therefore transportation has run low t he prime focus area in the quest of sustainable development.The sustainable model of transportation attempts to contain the entire scope of transportation with real necessitys of human movement and renewed energy sources that does not pose dangers of depletion, or add to environmental pollution (Pirages, 1996).sustainable transportation strategies include the vital dimensions of trading operations prudence, pricing policies, use of clean fuels, improvement in vehicle operation technologies, and integration in land use and planning in transportation infrastructure (Deakin, 2003). The implementation of these strategies requires combined operations at subject area and regional levels and need to channel efforts at government, business, scientific and community levels (ibid).Guidelines and principles for Sustainable TransportationIn fashioning the guidelines for transportation to make it sustainable and environment friendly, the following issues emerge as areas of prime concern (G uiding Principles, 1996) inlet Transportation is the principle form through which people can access places and goods, contributing prominently in social and economic development. The integrated strategic direction involve a) demand management- Optimizing transportation needs and requirements of society. It includes curtailing extra transportation requirements through use of better communion technology and packaging technologies and redesigning urban landscape. b) diversifying options it includes providing people with greater number of options through which they can meet their transportation needs.Equity It defines the need for government and communities to institute transportation policies that ensures social, regional and government equity by striving to attend to transportation needs of all the sections of society. health and Safety The sustainable design of transportation system shall include measures that make it conducive for physical and mental health of people and social an d community well beingness.Responsibility at individual level The preventative of climate, natural environment and resources concern every one and hence its a collective as well as individual responsibility of people to safeguard themPolicy intervention for sustainable developmentIt is widely recognized at policy level that modifying the present transportation example on sustainable paradigms would be more cheery and constitute saving, rather than completely replacing it with a new framework that might be unable to perform at satisfactory levels. The various policy options to make the existing model of transportation sustainable are broadly categorized as a) regime optimization and b) regime-shifts (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002).The distinctions naming the different technologies in either of the two categories are somewhat vague and they are constantly being worked and assessed. The vital trend to emerge so far out is that there are potential technologies and innovat ions that can be used for both regime optimization and regime shift. The current transport regime considered merely for policy and technological intervention is land transportation system, with its huge impact on environment, society and economy. assorted policies and strategies for sustainable transportation, as categorized by Deckins (2003), are,Vehicle and Fuel Technological Changes The only practical dissolver to the problem of growing fuel scarcity and harmful level of pollutants ejected technological innovations in energy athletic field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy.It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U.S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from restitution associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technol ogies as a providential measure for survival, growth and age in forthcoming days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and competency to successfully step in petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies.Passenger vehicles, familiar transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology. Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has interpreted place, are (Aldrich, 1996) Hybrid Vehicles, voltaic vehicles, use of ethanol as fuel, fuel cell vehicles, use of heat content as fuel and vehicles operated by solar power.Road vehicle operations improvement The management of road vehicle transportation has significant bearing on sustainable transportation. It consists of areas such as-a) affair hang improvements that involve measures of improving traffic signal timings, ramp metering, flow metering and removal of bottlenecks to improve the talent.The net returns is reduction of time, better fuel efficiency and smooth transportation b) Transport system improvement with poking on constructing smart highways, smart vehicles, accident management and scheduling arrangements c)educating drivers on appropriate fuel conserving techniques as well as traffic guidelines to booster them utilize the system better d) Improving management techniques in logistics and fleet management.Demand management To optimize the transportation system according to exact requirements of people, so as to minimize the waste and maximi ze benefits, it suggests measures as such a) modal substitution where transits are redesigned and improvements are made for walking and biking purposes that provide incentives to people for using alternate mediums of transportationb) substituting trucks by rails that is environmentally cost effective and involves less consumption of fuel and emission of harmful gases while improving efficiency c) telecommunication improvements or transport telematics that involve technological systems that are either follow either driver oriented approach or centralized management oriented approach by introducing traffic automation that are vital from safety and efficiency point of view (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The major tools of this measure include telecommuting, tele-shopping, teleconferencing, length learning and use of information technology in transportation and traffic management.Vehicle Technologies1.Hybrid Vehicle As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technol ogies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric automobile vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel candle and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries.Bio-diesels Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of excess alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable closeness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. heat content There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers. Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy mailman in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87).Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of water and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle. On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity,Use of usual transportation and mass transit system Mass Transport SystemApart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, another area where fuel consumption can be well reduced is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system.It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. While airplanes are already a popular and heavily used long distance intercity mass transit system, there are many available areas of intervention in short distance intercity and intra-city transport to provide close and reliable transit facilities while simultaneously reducing traffic, f reeing up home on roads and parking and moderating fossil oil consumption.The transportation system , excluding freight transport, is presently divided in two broad categories a. privately owned individual all purpose vehicle transport system and b. public transport system consisting of buses, trains, trams, and metros under the control and maintenance of public administration and public transport companies ((Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 36-37). Public transport system is usually characterized by low cost, fuel-efficient transit system capable of carrying large number of people on a fixed route (ibid). It has been felt over time that a sustainable and efficient fuel policy needs to incorporate advanced public transport system as one of its key focus area.Additionally the light rail and bus services can be expanded to cover specifically high traffic and downtown areas of major cities. An integration of public transport and private vehicle system can be achieved by providi ng sufficient parking space at stations and depots of public transport system. It would encourage people to use their private vehicles to access public transport system, resolving one of major issues of limited accessibility involved with mass transit system.Inventing new strategies for sustainable transport developmentSustainable development, by its definition, is development that has capacity to meaningfully continue itself without negatively affecting any chance of its failure or degeneration. Therefore sustainable transportation, according to this parameter, requires to incorporate measures and policies that help to grow along with changing dynamics of transport network and fuel technologies. These strategies include (Deckins, 2003)Land use and community development It includes such activities as preservation, rehabilitation, redevelopment and redesigning of cities and suburbs with high population niggardness. It also include additional measures such as infill in cities and sub urbs, reusing of brown-fields, recycling buildings, and improving the quality of life through close perspective of workplace and residence.Consumer response to sustainable strategies The major issue is to integrate consumers interests in sustainable strategies and technologies. Consumers should view these measures as crucial for creating a long term sustainable transportation plan that is adaptable for new vehicle and fuel technologies, technological up gradation and increased use of automation system, information technology and communication networks.Another major strategic intervention is about urban planning and transportation planning. It deals with concentration of urban growth, limiting urban sprawls and providing strategies for mixed land use that make intelligent urban structure and land use policies. It would help to mitigate transportation requirements by moving destination and source closer. It also recommends prioritising pollution prevention strategies and encouraging pedestrian and cycling movements as alternative to motorized mode of transportation (Guiding principles, 1996). work towards a sustainable future transportDesigning a transport system that successfully meets the present challenges of eliminating pollution, utilizing landscape space, carrying people safely and timely over their destination and most importantly which runs on such fuel technology is sustainable, without risks of running into shortage or worse, total depletion. Keeping in view of the every rising challenge of maintaining an increasingly large fleet of vehicles on the road in the coming years, the sustainable transportation should be able to accommodate both the present and future range of issues. The future sustainable strategy has following important policy and socio-technological dimensions (Schaller, 2007)Creating economic disincentives to drive Presently the socio-economic system is oriented towards personalized driving. People prefer to ply to their respective des tinations through personal mode of transport because it is time consuming, convenient and cost effective. However, in this process they do not pay for the environmental damage of pollution, cost of traffic congestion, charges of using roads, bridges and tunnels and appropriate parking charges. Further, even people are compelled to use personalized motor vehicles due to absence of a supportive framework of alternative medium of transportation.These problems can be tackled economically by raising the cost of driving personal vehicles while simultaneously improving the alternative transportation. The measures taken shall incorporate the total cost of owning and driving personal vehicles, in terms of the damage they inflict on the environment, quality of city life, congestion and accident risks involved. As discussed earlier, strengthening the public transport system and making it more affordable and cost effective would be greatly beneficial in creating disincentive for individual tran sportation.Redesigning cities and implementing thorough changesRedesigning cities and modelling them to make them conducive for future transportation needs is one of the most important policy and socio technological measures. The structure of major urban centres has already seen fundamental changes in their design and druthers with advent of mass transport structures of railways and metro and mono rails (Barret, 1996, 1971).It is well exemplified by cities of New York, capital of the United Kingdom and Tokyo. With advent of motorized vehicles the cities started to grow and differences between workplace and residential places expanded due to speed and ease provided by these vehicles. Cities that are more dependent on non personal modes of transportation, or mass transportation are traditionally denser than cities whose entire urban structure is based on individual ownership and use of vehicles (ibid).The sustainable urban models requires cities to implement planning measures that ma ke structure of transport more efficient by attuning both the urban landscape design and transportation system to each other requirements. The land use policies need to take such factors into account as population density and new settlement areas. Citing Kenworthy and Newman (1989), Barret shows as the density of population decreases in the urban areas, the consumption of petroleum goes up (ibid). Thus many cities of low population density in United States of America have per head consumption of gasoline several notches more than Asian mega cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New Delhi.Therefore sustainable designing of cities would require to create urban forms so that people have greater opportunities to access different destinations in limited time. Most, if not all, destinations, should be within walking distance (Ibid). Scaling of services and facilities should be with the view to minimize the travel requirements with well structured support provided in every locality. For the fin al step, the densely populated areas should be well affiliated with highly efficient public transport system.ReferenceAldrich, Bob.. ABCs of AFVs a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007http//www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25156.pdfBarret, Georoge. 1996.The Compact City A Sustainable urban Form?. Contributors (edit) Burton, Elizabeth,. 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