Comparison Of Apollo From The Portonaccio Temple And Aule Metele :: essays research papers

Comparison of Apollo from the Portonaccio Temple and Aule Metele     Though the figures are not outlying(prenominal) from each other is height comparison, they seem to contain a transparent amount of difference in other aspects. First of all, they were made from divers(prenominal) materials. While the Apollo statue is terracotta, the Aule Metele is of bronze. Generally speaking, the Apollo statue appears in a very symbolical agency in that his features are not well defined in breaker point while the Aule Metele presentments a type of inspiring complexity with detail.      The Apollo statue consists of a outfit that is shown in a pattern like manner. The robe does not display realism but symbolism due to its lack of variation in the folds. The Aule Metele however, shows a striking deal of realism in the drooping folds and reprobate shoulder strap. It looks as though the material is in fact freely moving and could be manipulated. The mu scle structure of the Apollo statue also displays a great deal of generalization. The limbs are robust and irregularly plump in areas as can be seen in the calf area of the right leg. The Aule Metele displays a great deal of understanding of muscle as well as pearl structure in the limbs as can be seen in the edges created in the extended right arm of the figure.      In terms of aim and neck features, the figures seem to be most distant. While the Apollo statue has a large-scale smile on his face, the Metele has an expression of stern seriousness. The Apollo statue has no more facial nerve detail than cheekbones roughly instilled. The Metele shows complete understanding of the human muscle and bone structure in the face.

Child molester and a killer Essay

As we talk about mien, we rat discuss about how certain behavior runs to becoming evil in such a way that nowadays and even before time, where war has occurred, this behavior exist. McCarthy wrote a book entitled Blood Meridian where he puts all the sluttish military group by the monstrous Judge, Holden, who is a compulsive child molester and a killer as surface. This is an epic novel during the expansion of West the States sabotage Western novel and the mythology of the Wild West with full violence and wickedness. In this book, it shows the styles of evil acts and wants us to witness evil for us to to the full affirm its mysterious reality.As we studied about the origins of behavior, we can similarly say that musical composition has a natural evil instinct which can be publicifested by certain evil actions. McCarthy expresses human behavior in the same way he talks about the animals in his stories. He used such magnificent language which was cited by the critics, and it me rely represents the uncompromised crucial period of American history and McCarthy exclaim in his Blood Meridian, that goes out front of Gothicism and naturalism, to conjure up a bloodletting feast in the American Southwest.Elie Wiesel comes into picture, who in real life experience a deep grand experiences and emotions during the Holocaust in the hands of the national socialists. At these times, he and many new(prenominal) prisoners experience mental and physical torture and they have been stripped of their humanity. match to Elie, prisoners become wild beasts of prey, with animal hatred in their eyes a strange energy had held them, and their teeth and nails had been sharpened. This elevates humanity from im moralisticity at its interval point. She wrote a book entitle Night which reveals that cruelty raise cruelty. both(prenominal) McCarthy and Elie have written about the negative side of human behavior and depict the scenario during those times. She said prisoners turn agai nst each other rather than great(p) comfort to each one of them. Captured from the book itself, when a Kapo is speaking to Eliezer, he saidHere, every man has to fight for himself and non think of anyone else. . . . Here, on that point are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone which illustrates the wickedness of roughly human beings.In contrast with Elie and Cormac McCarthy, in woman in the individual of Hannah Arendt tries not to compare human behavior to animals. Hannah had written Eichmann in capital of Israel wherein she made an authoritative report about the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi leader. She takes account of supplementary factual material that gives enlightenment after the trial. She staidly state in her book that Eichman was not actually a Nazi at heart, and he was in fact a meek man because he was not really aware of Hitlers euthanasia plan and he is also helpful to the Jews in Palestinian immigration.Hannah Arendts s hows that she is not only a thinker but also a moral human being because of putting herself in the place of the judge and dialog box in the courtroom of Jerusalem to major perpetrators of the murder of European Jewry. Hannah Arendt filter out Eichmans personality instead of looking at him does not correct to psychologically analyze it. It was in the end come out that Eichman is honorable an ordinary man who has been driven by the call of his career, and it turns out that he doesnt really have personal hatred with the Jews.As we try to analyze the three authors point, we can generalize that evil behavior of man only comes out when time calls for it and is the result of frustration for human desires, defense human faculty, failure to realize human potential as well lack of education. It is indeed true that mans animal constitution or human nature is not basically evil. It just happened when there is an incomplete development, deficient cognition and dichotomous perception of r eality that would last direct to misinterpretation and disagreement, obliteration, and wars by the people who the power and has no soul which we have greatly seen it in this study.

Job Analysis Methods

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT 1 expatiate OF orderS OF GETTING INFORMATION FOR JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis may be defined as a regularityical process of collection instruction on the functionally relevant aspects of a duty. It involves line of work explanation (determining the duties and skill requirements of a line of credit) and job specification (determining the kind of person who should be hired for the job). The rules of Job Analysis be as follows 1. INTERVIEW METHOD This tool is considered to be very useful to the analysis of jobs.It is a regularity to collect a variety of information from an incumbent and supervisors by communicate them (individually or as a group) to constitute the tasks and duties performed. The benefits are that it allows the incumbent to describe tasks and duties that are not observable. However, they may exaggerate or omit tasks and duties. leash types ofinterviewsare used to collectjob analysisdata * idiosyncraticinterviewswith from each oneemployee. * Groupinterviewswith groups of employees having the same job, and *Interviewsupervisor who are learned roughly the jobbeing analyzed.Interviews consist of structured Interviews and unstructured interviews. 2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHODS at that place are many techniques, one of them which is 3. POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ MODEL) This model real by McCormick, Jeanerette, and Mecham (1972) is a structured instrument of job analysis to flier job characteristics and then associate them with human characteristics. It consists of 195 job elements that describe generic wine human behaviors during work activities. It includes 1. Information input (where and how the worker gets information), 2.Mental processes (reasoning and other processes that workers use), 3. make output ( somatogenetic activities and tools used on the job), 4. Relationships with other persons, and 5. Job context (the physical and social contexts of work). Over the years it has been observed that there exists a wealthiness of research on the PAQ since it has yielded reasonably good reliability estimates and has been linked to several(prenominal) assessment tools. 4. OBSERVATION In this method incumbents are observed execute their jobs which enables the trained job analyst to obtain first-hand knowledge and information near the job being analyzed.This method is suited for jobs in which the work behaviors are 1) observable or 2) job tasks are short in era or 3) jobs in which the job analyst bed learn information most the job through observation. With observation, the trained job analyst can obtain first-hand knowledge and information about the job being analyzed. It allows the job analyst to see the work environment, tools and equipment used, interrelationships with other workers, and complexity of the job. 5.CRITICAL INCIDENT technique (CIT model) This method applied to discover behaviors towards working which can help split performance into a good and bounteous level. Theseobservationsare used to work on practical problems and develop psychological principles. The main purposes are buildingjob descriptions, job specification and job standards, creating a list of good and bad behaviors which can then be used forperformance appraisal and exam the effectiveness ofthe jobdescription and job specification. . WORK SAMPLING This method is ameasurement techniqueforthequantitativeanalysis ofnon-repetitiveor irregularly occurring activity. Work sampling operates by an observer taking a series of random observations on a particular thing of interest (machine, run room, dock etc. ) to observe its state (working, idle, sleeping etc. ). When liberal samples are taken, an analysis of the observations yields a statistically valid indication of the states foreach thing analyzed.It is relatively inexpensive to use and extremely helpful in providing a deeper understanding of all types of operations. 7. REPERTORY GRID Therepertory gridiron technique is a method for eliciting personal constructs, i. e. what people think about a given topic. It is based on George KellysPersonal Construct Theory. It is called a grid because one way of doing it is to use a matrix with the people on one side and the quasi(prenominal)ity and parentage poles along another side. The method is as follows Identify a range of 10-20 people who do the job (these are calledelements). * Select three at random. * Select two that come out more similar in some way. * Identify what it is about them that is similar (this is thesimilarity pole). * Identify what is different about the other person (this is thecontrast pole). * Repeat this until you have about 20 contrasts. * Thin this down to about 10 by combining similar contrasts. The remaining contrasts should give a good idea of the factors that make up the job.

Cyberbully Essay Essay

Cyberbullies should be prosecuted for what they say or do on social media. Physiologist Eden Foster stated In order for style to be defined as cyber toughing it must be repeated, hostile, and sever with the role to embarrass threaten or harass. Twenty percent of youth ages 11-18 deal been a dupe of cyberbullying says the Cyberbullying Research Center. This needs to stop. If Cyberbullying is against the right, less people would be victimized.Keep in mind, cyberbullying can cause mental disturbance to teens. felo-de-se and self-harm is a big problem in our world. A lot of unsafe people ar similar this because of cyberbullying. A girl named Amanda Todd took her life referable to being cyberbullied by fake friends, boys, and total strangers. There atomic number 18 teens like her going through the same thing. Physiologist Eden Foster march on states If the appoint is passed it will ensure that the cyberbully will be held accountable for the behavior that light-emitting diode t o someone getting hurt. The cyberbullies say mean stuff which causes teens to be down in the mouth and want to commit suicide. The bully will be held responsible for pose thoughts in teens heads which causes suicide.As you may make love, most kids are on social media. In position nine out of 10 kids are on social media, to connect with family and friends. But, sadly thither are people who invade on teens accounts and their privacy. These people are cyberbullies who pretend to be someone else. Fake identification is against the law. Lori Drew was convicted of violating the Computer Fraud and handle Act after creating a fake MySpace account. Says the Dangers of Cyberbulling Radio Interview. This account was use to victimize a 13 year old girl, Megan Meir. The Cyberbully infiltrates into the victims account. This is wrong because the victim is just using the social media account to connect with family and friends.Furthermore, It is very voiceless to flee a cyberbully. As they can  attack through a variety of electronic means says Physiologist Eden Foster. I suggest that since it is wicked to get rid of a cyberbully, that the law should get rid of the bully for the victim. A lot of teens do not know their bully. IN fact nevertheless 34% of teens know who their bullies are. says the Cyberbullying Research Center. Kids dont know there cyberbully so they dont know how to stop them. The law should get involved to track the cyberbully down and stop them.Opponents may question, wherefore dont they just unplug? Eden Foster further states that Technology has become an essential part of society and our homes. Teens use there smart call ins for more than just social networking. Cell phones are utilise to contact parents in emergencies as well. Teens need a cell phone because like Eden Foster states it is a big part of our lives.To brotherhood it all up, cyberbullies need to be prosecuted for statements made over social media. It is a serious thing that many p eople take their lives from. The Cyberbullies need to stop, and the only way to they can be stopped is if we make it a law.

Off Premise Laundry

TOPIC OFF supposition LAUNDRY OFF PREMISE LAUNDRY * OPL MEANS LAUNDRY WHICH IS NOT PRESENT INSIDE THE HOTEL PREMISES. * THESE CATERS TO HOTELS ON A CONTRACT BASIS. * THEY CHARGE RATE ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF LINEN / ARTICLE. * THEY CATERS TO in the main THOSE HOTELS WHERE SOMETIMES GUEST FLOW IS VERY LOW AND SOME RESORTS AND seasonal worker HOTELS ARE INCLUDE IN THIS. * MANY HOTELEIARS DOESNOT WANT TO INVEST A HUGE AMOUNT ON LAUNDRY SETUP SO THEY GO WITH OPL SERVICES. DEMERITS OF OPL * LESS CONTROL OVER STANDARDS AND QUALITY OF WASHING AND DRYCLEANING. * DELIVERY AND appealingness DELAYS. HIGHER PAR STOCK IS REQUIRED. * EXTRA COST FOR SPECIAL TREATMENTS. * qualifying OR DAMAGE OF ARTICLES IS HIGH. ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR GUEST * Customer lavation is handled suitably in accordance with establishment requirements. Communication maintained with providers of off-premises laundry go ensures clear understanding of establishment requirements * Customer laundry is retu rned to the client clean, dry, complete, and in condition specified by customer in a seasonable manner in accordance with establishment requirements. Range condition folded, pressed, dry-cleaned, laundered. * Customers argon charged for laundry in accordance with establishment requirements . MAINTENANCE OF OPL FOR HOTELS * establishment laundry is handled appropriately in accordance with establishment requirements. * Range laundry linen, bedding, towelling, staff uniforms, soft furnishings. * Documentation and recording processes for establishment laundry be maintained in accordance with establishment requirements. Storage area for customer and establishment laundry is kept free from pestilence any signs of infestation are reported in accordance with establishment requirements. * Establishment laundry is checked to ensure it is clean, dry, complete and in condition specified on return, in a timely manner, in accordance with establishment requirements. final stage * A COMMERICI AL OR OFF-PREMISE LAUNDRY REFERS TOLAUNDRING ACTIVITIES PREFORMED OUTSIDE THE ESTABLISHMENTS. * THESE ARE GIVEN TO THE soulfulness WHO IS SPECIALIZED IN THIS FIELD.

A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research

The application of soft explore to social lore studies has current mixed reviews. Some social scientists signal wholeheartedly to the use of soft inquiry as a proportion to the traditional quantitative look for methodological analysis, which has been the vogue in social science inquiry. Other social scientists however question the application of soft look into to social science studies. Some reviewers, for example, question the appropriateness in backward evaluation of programs of programs in organizational change (Blackler and dark-brown, 1983, p.349).Other reviewers of the same look repugn that good qualitative evaluation entails close and continuous involvement with the edge of change. Blacker and dark-brown sedulous qualitative interrogation methodological analysis in their consider of retrospective evaluation of programs of organizational change. They concluded that un same(p) some rude(a) science paradigms, competing paradigms should non be thought o f as mutually sole(prenominal) in application of qualitative query in social science. (Blacker and chocolate-brown, ibid)Crawford cor aceted his make-up Putting money in investigate pays How companies large and minor benefit from research plans. In it he discussed the advantages nameed by business enterprises in the join States of America through both quantitative and qualitative research. (Crawford 2006). Dale in his study Partnering with focussing to implement ergonomics in the industrial study, concluded that for implementation of any research to be effective in changing workers attitude, there must be effective collaboration in the midst of the researcher and the management of the industrial establishment.(Dale, 2004). Harris in his article en call backing to Business comes of age in qualitative research, highlights the use of innovative information applied science in advancing the frontier of qualitative research in business and industry. It is Harriss opinion t hat use of such technology as teleconferencing volition not only ensure objectivity in data collection, but fanny allow the researcher to parcel out his protocol to large respondents at the same time. (Harris, 1995)The role of qualitative methodology in ergonomics is discussed by Hig discharget in his paper Theoretical Issues to ergonomics Science Here, a four stage sampling method of qualitative research was used in the audience of academics and management practitioners to gain their views on all aras of ergonomics. (Hignett and Wilson, 2004). Karami, Rowley and Analoni studied some research methodologies used in generating friendship for management through research. They concluded that whereas anterior research was skewed in favor of quantitative methodology, present day studies tend to favor qualitative research methods.(Karami et al 2006). McPhee employed a qualitative research snuggle to his study of the organizational behavior of business practice in Europe. He concluded that although until recently, the pyramidical hierarchy structure was the norm in organizational framework of European companies, globalization of the world economy has forced many an(prenominal) European firms to employ qualitative research in their transition to a more(prenominal) democratic organizational arrangement (McPhee, 2002). Russell in his paper titled Dangerous Intersections x-rays the use of qualitative research as a mechanism in the campaign sponsored by an insurance company.The thrust of the campaign was on awareness, education and safety promotion in spite of appearance the United States. (Russell, F. 2002). Yates in his paper drew attention to the opportunities which practitioners in business communications now pass to shift emphasis away from quantitative methods to qualitative methodology in their research. (Yates, J. 1993). This brief literature review leads us to the analysis of the qualitative research methodology employed by Maximillian dark-brown in hi s dissertation titled Trust, Power and Work present democracy preventive and Health whole kit and boodle Councils in operating theater. Description of methodological analysisIn analyzing the qualitative research methodologies used in The Brown address salient aspects of individually methodology willing be highlighted. The sum total of the evaluation of the Brown Dissertation will reflect the contributions of all the different paradigms to the overall results of the qualitative research. The side by side(p) are the research methods employed by Brown for his strip studies. antecedent contacts with employees and management in of target firms withdrawed for his studies in the summer of 2002. Actual interviews took place in Fall 2002. Designing of research run across. Gaining access to the worksites Process of effective interviews. Preparation for Field Work In outrank to become known with the environment of his research, Brown became an insider of the work stations. Br own used his portionship of the sentry duty Committee in his university, and participated actively in its programs in order to gain first deliberate information on the philosophy chthonianlying the Safety Committee operations. Moreover, in order to have a comprehensive fellowship of the safety operations in his university, he sought and obtained permission to be meetings of those safety sub committals in which he was not a member.Furthermore, brown received training organizeed by the State of operating theatre in safety military commission operations. By his own admission, Browns roll in the hays as a member and active participant in safety commission meetings strongly influenced his research design and the process of conducting interviews with his subjects. The oral questions mould to his subjects were structured along the lines of his experience as a participant rather than an outsider. Being an insider conferred on him sealed advantages which he utilized in preparat ion of his research protocols.Brown was open to pick up questions which were directed at specific areas of operation of the safety councils which an outsider exponent not be privy to. Brown also gained leverage on his subjects by being knowledgeable about their schedule of duties. More so, Browns membership of a university committee whose functions are similar to those of the subjects of his interrogative influenced his tailoring his questions to more specific subject matters which an outsider will not be aware of. Browns research protocols were gleaned from Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers script with the title What Workers want which was published in 1999.Furthermore, Brown had gained prior and invaluable hands-on experience of the workings of the industries in which he was to later conduct his qualitative research. After choosing 2 very different industries in which he wanted to conduct his research, Brown set out to get a working knowledge of these industries. He relied he avily on supreme publications of the Oregon State Occupational Safety and Safety Administration for first hand information on the industries of his choice. These publications complemented his own practical experience in one of the industries while filling the gaps in his knowledge of the different.With these preparations, Brown was thus able to formulate intelligent questions for his target interviewees. Brown acknowledged the obvious feature that an outsider cannot know as much about a mill as those who work in the place. As an icing on his cake, the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) assisted Brown to select target factories relevant to his research. Visits to Target Factories Brown approached his target audience in three stages. He first made anterior visualizes to the factories in order to get himself familiar with the people and places where he was to conduct his research.His initial lambaste to each of the 2 factories afforded Brown the opportu nity to conduct background checks on the facilities available in the factories. Some of the background information he had earlier obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration website came in handy during his precedent visits. From OSHA website he had obtain vital statistics about each factory. These included the add together of employees in each factory, products manufactured, and the mission statement of each organization on their safety and health programs. The next stage of his approach was to make a preparatory visit to each factory.He was able to obtain a hang-up of each factory. He also used the opportunity of the preparatory visit to collect in-house documents which came in handy to him while preparing his research protocols. These documents included proceeding of committee meetings, training materials, and other records germane to his investigations. Browns ensuant visits represented the third and last phase of his plan. This was the stage at which he conducted open-ended interviews to representatives of both management and labor in the premises of the devil factories earlier chosen. Equal numbers of representatives of labor and management were interviewed.The interviews were conducted in private. The identities of those interviewed were unbroken confidential as per university policies on such matters. After explaining the purpose of the research project to the subjects, their written consent was individually obtained before the interview started. Since his project was targeted at the safety policies and practices in the selected factories, only members of the safety committees were interviewed. The interviews which were conducted in a free and friendly manner, employed the active interview format intentional by Holstein and Gubrium.(Holstein and Gubrium, 1995). In this interview approach, subjects were asked questions which had been prepared in form of a protocol. At the onset, subjects were asked general questions pertaining to their working experiences at the factory. Subjects were also asked questions of personal beguile to the respondents with respect to the issue central to the research This phase formed the preliminary stage as formulated by Holstein and Gubrium. The next set of questions relate on the apprehension of the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the program of the committee in which they were members.The subjects were asked of the perception of their fellow workers on their election or selection into the committee. This formed the overview question stage of the interview. The next stage of the interview centered on training. The respondents were asked to prise the depth and relevance of the training which they received towards performance of their duties as committee members. Questions on the perceived quality of the content of their training, the methods of dissemination of information and the net change effect of the training on the participants, concluded the set of quest ions on training.The next set of questions for the subjects, centered on the meetings of the committee. Subjects were asked to analyze the interpersonal transaction among members of the committee, the atmosphere of the meetings the procedures adopted during the meetings and the dissemination of information to members before and after each meeting. The last set of specific questions put to the subjects was on the authority give the committee by management, and the influence of the committee on management.They were questioned on how they communicated the decisions arrived at their meetings to management, and the effect of their recommendations on management policies. Subjects were also asked to give their views on the industrial atmosphere of their work place, and specifically on the labor and management dealings whether they were cordial, or if there were unresolved issues dividing the two parties. Finally, subjects were asked whether they felt a whizz of power by their membershi p of the committee. Evaluation of Browns qualitative Research MethodologyThe methodologies applied by Brown in his dissertation are identifiable and well structured. They follow the pattern of a well nonionic qualitative research project. Preliminary work was done in two main areas. Relevant literature was searched and the context applied as and when necessary, as per specifications in the original publication. For example, the method of interview was patterned after the universally accepted standard procedure of Holstein and Gubrium termedActive Interviews (Holstein and Gubrium,1995).The use of Active Interviews by Brown was appropriate to the qualitative research design in his case study. A lot of preliminary work was done by Brown, in order to identify firms at which to carry out his research study. minimise studies were first carried out on these companies. Where the researcher felt that he had wanting(p) experience and inadequate knowledge and information, necessary recourse was made to authoritative state government publications on the subject of his research. Initial visits to the premises of the firms under study, were made by Brown.He got himself familiarized with both the staff and the environment of the factories where he planned to administer his qualitative research protocol. Those initial visits afforded him the opportunity to act with representatives of both labor and management. The visits also afforded him the chance to obtain their consent and cooperation. Brown prepared his interview protocols in two similar sets, one for employees and the other for managements of the firms under study. The research protocols were well structured in such a way as to first put general questions to his subjects.From the responses elicited from the respondents, more specific questions relevant to the subject matter of the study were then put to the subjects. This pattern of questioning is in line with the Holstein and Gubium process of active interviews. Ma ximillian Browns success in putting his subjects at ease at this initial stage, helped him to take the interview to a less formal and friendlier colloquial atmosphere. Subsequent pieces of information obtained from the respondents were then given freely and honestly without pressure. Browns approach evidently made for more reliable and unfeigned answers to the interviewers questions.With the active cooperation of the subjects, Brown was able to plumb the depths of the activities of the safety committees under study, to arrive at a more reliable assessment of their functions, and the perceptions of members of the committee on the relevance and importance of their work on the committee. Limitations and Weaknesses of Browns qualitative Research Methodology By his own admission, Brown accepted that there are some obvious limitations and weaknesses in the methodology he employed in the qualitative research for his dissertation.Three of these weaknesses, Brown identified as follows Pro blems of trust, accuracy in record keeping, and validity of subjects responses. Unless the interviewer is able to scale the fence of distrust erected between him and his subject during the interview, the information gathered from the respondent will be suspect. According to McCracken, lack of trust between interviewer and respondent will restrict the interview to a mere formality. The intimacy required for the two parties to move from formal to informal conversational style will be inhibited.(McCracken,1988). Hence the first objective of an interviewer is to gain the trust of the interviewee. Right from the onset, the interviewer inescapably to establish a friendly rapport with his subjects even before the interview is scheduled. Brown admitted his lack of familiarity with his subjects, which made some of them to give curt and passing(prenominal) replies to his questions. Secondly, Browns inability to import a reliable kernel of recording his interviews made his transcripts of such interviews less than accurate.The third problem of validity of his subjects responses, Brown admits to be his most difficult. There is no easy resultant role to the issue of whether a respondent is truthful, except perhaps to administer a lie-detector test to each respondent before the interview, as a method of pre screening all participants. Applications of Browns Qualitative Research Methodology The research methodology of active interviews adopted by Brown in his dissertation generated valuable in formation on the social interactions in spite of appearance an industrial environment.In spite of its limitations and shortcomings, Browns qualitative research methodology provides a suitable and reliable template on which further research study can be undertaken to obtain knowledge of the interpersonal relationships within an industrial workplace. By using modern information technological innovations like teleconferencing and remote control recording devices, greater objectivity can be introduced into Browns qualitative research methodology. (Harris,1995).Overall, the methodology employed in Maximillian Browns dissertation can be validly adopted in qualitative research studies for dissertations and other quality academic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blackler, F. H. M. , Brown, C. A. (1983), Qualitative Research and Paradigms of Practice, diary of Management Studies, 20(3), 349-366. 2. Crawford, A. P. (2006). Putting money into research pays How companies &8212 large and small &8212 benefit from research plans, Public Relations Tactics, 13(8), 20-20 3. Dale, L. (2004). Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial, Work, 22(2), 117-124. 4. Freeman, Richard B., and Joel Rogers. 1999. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. French, Carroll E. 1923. The Shop Committee in the United States. Johns HopkinsUniversity Studies in History and Political Science. 41 107-207. 5. Harris, L. M. , (1995), Business-to-business comes of age in qualitative research, Marketing News, 29(12), 17-17 6. Hignett, S. , Wilson, R. (2004), The role for qualitative methodology in ergonomics a case study to explore theoretical issues, Theoretical Issues in biotech Science, 5(6), 473-493 7. Holstein, James A. , and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications8. Karami, A. , Rowley, J. , Analoui, F. (2006), Research and knowledge Building in Management Studies An Analysis of Methodological Preferences, International Journal of Management, 23(1), 436-52. 9. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview. Newbury Park,CA SAGE Publications. 10. McPhee, N. (2002). Gaining insight on business and organisational behaviour the qualitative dimension, International Journal of Market Research, 44(1), 53-70. 11. Russell, F. (2000). Dangerous intersections, Marketing News, 34(5), 18-18. 12. Yates, J. (1993), The Opportunity of Qualitative Research, Journal of Business Communication, 30(2), 1999-200

How Foreign Ownership Has Affected the English Premier League

Introduction The Premier league is the top soccer socio-economic class in England. It is claimed to be the richest league in the world where some of the nigh popular players and footb all(prenominal) teams play. Most professional sports teams that are capable of get top football game players are generally the most succeederful. Foreign enthronization in position Premier League teams has become a drive and a focusing of becoming rich and victoryful. Most of the confederations in the league are controlled by foreign investors out to make net profit. Liverpool F.C was formed in 1892 by John Houlding to play at Anfield after Everton F. C vacated the field. The companionship is arguably the most successful high society in England. It has won 18 First Division titles, 7 FA Cups, 7 League Cups, and 5 European Cups. Liverpool F. C. signed a deal with Prince Faisal Al Saud to initiate and activate an elite commercial collaboration between F6, Liverpool F. C. , and the Richard Petty Nascar Team. Factors of guidance that are capacity to the program Collaboration with legal partners is a major strength in the performance of the fraternity.These exclusive collaborations explore collaborative commercial opportunities viable to football, Nascar travel, and synergistic media in the Middle east country, Saudi Arabia and the surrounding nations. The Middle East sport food market has great potential of growth, as the fan beginning in the region is growing e actuallyday. The deal will strive to nurture the level of football competition, sports management expertise and soccer players in the region. Among the strategic partnership, plans in mind include the creation of academies and training facilities owned and controlled by Prince Faisals organization.The frame rifle for collaboration in Nascar has been created to evaluate the expansion of a Nascar racing circuit and Richard Petty racing institutions in the Middle East environs. F6 is sensation of the le ading investors in interactive sports media in Saudi Arabia and has considered this deal as a perfect opportunity to bring in local teams and athletes, and envelop clean-fashi one(a)d methods of management and training in sports. It will also go out employment opportunities and innovative reality media production techniques (Foster et al, 2006). Liverpool fans accommodate greatly contributed towards the success of the club.The human activity of Liverpool fans has increase as a result of celebrating the clubs sale to new owners and also due to the appointment of a new manager Roy Hodgson. The signing of a new player Joe Cole saying the Liverpool website break its previous record of 65 million page views to all over 85 million page views. The news of Joe Cole signing increase the page view impressions to over 483,000 in just an hour. In addition, the m that the clubs fan spend in the site increased from five minutes to seven minutes while the average number of page view inc reased from 4. 5 to 5. 95. Factors of Profitability and viabilityOne of the factors contributing to forgatherfulness and viability of Liverpool is the use of market tax access. This approach has enabled the company to assess its market value and thus evaluate its overall performance (Foster et al, 2006). Other approaches that have also contributed to the clubs success include the Acquisition-Based military rating approach and the Sabermetrics technique. The Acquisition-Based valuation approach assists in making viable acquisition for the club while the sabermetrics is very useful in the evaluation of players performance and the overall performance of the club (Foster et al, 2006).As a result, Liverpool F. C. debts have almost doubled to ? 86m base on the up-to-the-minute financial reports. The club has however recorded an increase in profits after making losses the previous family. The clubs one-year accounts show a pre-tax profit of ? 10. 2m in 2008, which is an increase fr o the previous year in which the club made a loss of ? 21. 7m. Application of Triangulation to gain an accurate value of the club Technological development and growth has been one of the most effective ways of using triangulation to gain accurate value for Liverpool.The club launched Assigras agentless backup and recovery hardware, Televaulting that prides a back-up for entropy in a disc. Liverpool was in the past using legacy tape-based backup and hap recovery (DR). The use of the new software is aimed at increasing the speed of back up and recovery and provides a guarantee 100% success rate in recovering lost data. The old system was check in that every time a back up of the i-series based ticketing system took place, the whole system had to be shut down. This was greatly inconveniencing because the backups were throttle to once a day only.The club had to think of a way of recovering data in case it was lost in an effective manner (Turner, 2007). The new backup system now saf e guard vital business data across Liverpool FCs major sites Anfield, Melwood and Academy. Changes to better value Liverpool introduced a new approach to training in mark to ascend and stay at the top of English and European football. The owners of the club have created the position of Director of football strategy in a bid to ensure that the club maintains a top position in English football.Although the Director of football strategy is the most unpopular punt in English football, the new owners of Liverpool view this as the most subdue strategy to run the club. The owners have introduced the principles of sabermetrics, which are very successful in baseball. Sabermetrics is defined as the analysis of baseball based on heading evidence, particularly baseball statistics that evaluate the in-game activity as opposed to effort activity such as attendance. It is thus a set of statistics that is employ to assess the overall performance of a player or team.For instance, flower playe r ratings normally referred to, as Batter-Fielder/Pitcher Wins is a rating use to evaluate the value of baseball players and to facilitate the comparison of players against each other, scorn playing for different teams or different positions. Value Over alternate Player (VORP) is a metric that measures hitters contribution (offensive) and Pitchers contribution in a team compared to a fictitious average player (Turner, 2007). This measurement is apply to evaluate a payers Replacement level. The use of these denary metrics n football has transformed Liverpool F. C. for the better. Events from 1997 to 2003 and principles of improvement Gerard Houllier, the former french national team manager, was introduced into the Liverpool management team for the 199899 season to work alongside Roy Evans. Evans did not find the deal favorable to him and decided to depart in November of 1998. The club became a founder member of the G-14 group of clubs in September 2000. The organization was for med to create a united articulatio to air their opinions and suggestions to soccer governing bodies FIFA and UEFA.Liverpool remained an active member of the G-14 clubs until it was disbanded in 2008. In its place, the European Club Association was established. The 2000-01 season was one of the scoop out Liverpools seasons in the clubs history. The players Owen, Fowler, Gerrard and Hyypia played a role to the clubs 3rd place finish and hence a qualification to play in the champion league. The club also won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup, unneurotic with the charity shield and the European Super Cup in 2001.Liverpool spotless as number cardinal in the premier league 200102 season, their trounce league finish since 1991, but was subjected to a embarrassing defeat in the League Cup Third Round by Grimsby Town. The Clubs manager Houllier suffered a serious heart problem, which made him inactive in the club for tercet months beginning from November. How sale of the club will alter the strategic solicitude The sale of the club by CFO will affect my strategic direction in several ways. The sale of the club might affect the value of the club depending on the effect it will have on the stakeholders of the club.If the fans are not happy with the sale, then the clubs fan-base will be affected. few fans will visit the clubs website leading to a declination in the clubs earnings. Some investors might feel cheated and separation their support for the club. This will affect the equity value of the club. The sale of the club will thus affect the overall running of the club including the approaches utilise by the management. Factors that would underlie the changes and research to strengthen the recommendations There are two factors that would underlie the changes in Liverpool football club.The two factors are change of the valuation approach in acquisition and accounting for player-related payments.. Acquisition-Based Valuation Approach is the outgo approach to consider when determining any acquisition for the club. This approach involves considering same previous acquisitions before making an investment (Foster et al, 2006). Ability to account for all player-payments greatly contributes towards the appropriate management of the club. Some of the sources of player-payments include, sign-on bonus, transfer fees, and match fees. ConclusionLiverpool football club s one of the most successful clubs in English football. The club has been successful as a result of its effective management and overall business strategies. The new owners have introduced new approaches in management as well as the training of the players. One of the newly introduced approach, sabermetrics, has provided the best evaluation and assessment criteria for both the club as well as the individual performance of the players. The cub has also adopted a new method, Televaulting, for backup and data recovery. The new method ensures that vital business data is safe and sec ure.

What Factors Affect Longevity

Life prediction is affected by some instruments. These include diet and exercise, smoking, moral state, environment, c atomic number 18er, apparitionality, societal interaction and support. One of the near easily controlled aspects in my lives is my nutrition and exercise. My animal(prenominal) well-being directly impacts on my spiritedness expectancy. I am aw atomic number 18 of the value of a well-ad cleaned diet rich in fruit, and ve hitables, gloomy in fat and carmine meat, the recommended daily allowances for all of these. I erect ensure that I hound the advice of medical professionals approximately what and when to eat and in what quantities.I tend to stick to a no-starch diet, but I believe that that does non provide for a fit diet, and that I should include starches in limited amounts. I go to a neighbourhood gym five sentences a week, and spend at least an hour there each time, but I just now joined the gym and began morning walks about a year ago. I go o ut continue to attend the gym and asshole increase the manner of my walks. The biggest assortment that I with child(p) deal make to increase my life history expectancy is to stop smoking cigarettes.I began smoking at 17, bumd for 25 years, halt for 5 years and restarted a year ago. I now smoke 10 cigarettes a day, and this is obviously quite detrimental to my health. I go out at the very least cut back my smoking to a half of my present consumption. Ones mental state all contributes to longevity or it can detract dramatically from it. To continue to conf phthisis a stable, contented frame of mind, I forget continue to go to the Raj Yoga Centre in St Augustine, where I meditate, learn about the power of peremptory energy, peace, compassion, the cycle of life and serenity.As a recovering addict I can continue to attend weekly N/A follow up meetings where I have a net progress to of support and advice which helps my wound up oddment and gives me a feeling of not being a ll in the jaunt of recovery. My environment affects my life expectancy both physical and emotional environment. I recently changed my physical environment from wiz of isolation and distance from my family and an emotional desert to a gated community where there is little or no crime, I am able to leave my doors decipherable until I go to bed at midnight and I am surrounded by trees, open spaces and fresh air.I have an incredible view of the Northern Range which instils in me a sense of eternity and timelessness. I am closer to my love ones, feel more(prenominal) fulfilled and am much happier now. I can continue to make the choices that pull up stakes add to my well-being, shedding fear of change and trusting in my knowledge of what is best for me. My career choice will alike either lengthen or shorten my life nosepiece. I enjoy the challenge of study because it keeps my mind active and agile and I enjoy new knowledge.Spirituality, my connection with my high male monarch, has changed my outlook on life entirely, giving me a renewed faith and sense of optimism and hope. I can strengthen and deepen this bond by continuing to attend perform regularly, applying the philosophies to everyday live, positive self-talk and remaining in communion with my Higher Power throughout the day. Finally, I can make positive changes in my social and interaction and support. I tend to be a loner, shouldering my life and responsibilities and problems alone and isolating myself a lot, choosing not to interact very much with others.I consume that interaction (desired or not) is important for my emotional well-being and feeling of belonging, so I can widen my social circles and choose to interact regularly. I scuba dive, do hand gun target practice at Tucker Valley, go motorbike riding, attend meditation classes, go to the gym, walk, work and yet it is possible to partake in all of these activities without interacting other than on a most superficial level. HOW DOES PROJE CTED LIFE EXPECTANCY electric shock LIFE GOALS? The awareness of ones expected life span must necessarily impact ones life goals.This knowledge will affect whether one exercises, smokes, does drugs, takes vitamins, furthers statement, marries, has children, how one eats, chooses a career, attends church, whether or not one purchases property or rents, becomes involved in the community or practices safe sex. A teenager who is terstwhile(a) that he will live further until he is twenty-five, is likely to spend the intervening years focusing on short-term gratification he will see no call for to study further, develop deep emotional intimate relationships, marry, plan a career, plan for retirement or expend energy on buy his own property.His life goals at this juncture will probably exist of fathering a child to leave some sort of footprint on the planet, exploration of sensual pleasures, world travel, and possibly the quest for a ghostly bonding and serenity. On the other hand, a twenty-five year white-haired who realizes that he will live to be eighty-five, will then perplex to plan for a sixty years of future. His goals will include sanitary old age, enough money to care for himself and his family up to his death, a ingleside to live in and a clear mind with which to enjoy these things.As didactics is the key to many of these goals, he is likely to focus on furthering his direction so that he improves the likelihood of a financially lucrative career. He will look at having a career rather than just a job, and will choose a career which will induce him mental and emotional satisfaction. He will localise good mental and physical health as a life goal, as he will want clarity of mind and physical strength and the cogency to be active for his old age.He will plan for a family spouse, children, grandchildren and great grandchildren and knowing that these will be his support and comfort in his old age, is more likely to work toward close bonds with them. His is less likely to get divorced, abuse his children, abandon his family, or suffer from a midlife crisis. He is take into custody in his knowledge of a long life and will set his goal as preparing to make it as fulfilling and comfortable as possible.He will include spirituality in his life, looking for a relationship with his Higher Power to set as a foundation for his life. Projected life expectancy impacts on life goals because we can reasonably predict the time span necessary to complete or reap the benefits of certain processes. A short life expectancy removes certain goals from the picture, such as get the hang Degrees, home purchase, pension and retirement plans and making ones prototypic million dollars.On the other hand, a long life ahead will call for long-term goals, retirement funds, proper health and mental care, exercise, callable care of the spiritual self, an hatched family and the satisfaction of community involvement. It is inevitable that the apprehe nsion of a particular life span will affect ones behavior, life goals, life style choices and planning. DOES EDUCATION PLAY A ROLE IN LONGEVITY? Education is the most significant factor in longevity. All life choices which affect our life expectancy, with the exception of genetic science and glossiness are shaped by education and knowledge.Education instructs us about a proper balanced diet despite the influence of culture on our eating habits, we can and do adjust our consumption to more closely align with globally accepted guidelines for healthier choices, serving sizes, low fat and cholesterol diets and regular physical exercise. Knowledge gained through education also can sway us away from cigarette smoking, use of illegal and dangerous drugs, sexual experimentation and exploration and risky lifestyles. encourage education (past primary and secondary level) can also prepare us for financial stability.This impacts many facets of our lives such as the ability to afford regular , satisfactory health care, frequent check-ups and technologically advanced treatment if necessary. As Trinidadians are generally unable to afford health insurance, and what the government provides is sketchy at best, an individual is much better off being self-sufficient in this area. Economic well-being also enables us to purchase the most nutritionally beneficial foods snacks and junk food are a lot cheaper than fruits and vegetables.As our physical environment also predestines us to one life span or another, the ability to move from an unhealthy, unstable one to a clean, quiet, safe, green living space is important this too is driven by financial means, which results from education. A sense of fulfillment and purpose is crucial to our extended life expectancy, and this is also aided by education exposure to groups with which we can volunteer, causes about which we are passionate, how we can be a vital part of our community and nation.Our spiritual connection which is key to our coping skills and sense of optimism and hope is fueled by education further knowledge of the God of our understanding. Education, therefore, more than anything else can extend our life expectancy. ARE THERE ANY CATEGORIES THAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED? sway AND DISCUSS I believe that three categories that should be included are genetics, environment and spirituality.

Debt Hinders Development of Poor Countries Essay

The economy of the ground is likewise undermined since only the sectors of the economy including health sector, education sector, agricultural sector, touristry sector and other sectors be compromised for the country to repay back the debts. 2. Its leads to wretched large(p) stock This is experienced callable to regular payments of debts by the ontogeny countries. Low level of investments, low outputs from the industries and farms, low savings are also experienced due to repayments of loans.A country fails to save any notes for use in profitable projects little or no capital is accumulated for development purposes. A country fails to attract F. D. Is i. e. foreign channelize investments which could knead about development processes. These investors curtail their investments in these poor countries and imparting them to safer countries and so causing capital flights. 3. Debt leads to inflation. This is the general rise in scathe of goods and services in a country. The m oney borrowed may exceed the egress of goods and services hence causing inflation.If a debt is not managed properly then it will affect the whole country and its production systems. These leads to loss in stability in real value of money and other financial items. It discourages investments of savings and shortages of goods if the consumer begins hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in future. 4. Weak currencies. When a nation has a bigger debt the economy grows easy or totally stagnates. These poor nations are asked by their profession partners to deprecate their currencies to make their goods cheaper for them to buy.Devaluation of a countries currency affects the production sectors since the prices gull fallen hence making it less worth to produce because the currencies of the countrys exports are jerry-built. This leads to continuous repayment of loans since the poor country cannot access the international markets with their weak currency hence cannot get th e hard currencies. 5 . Debt hinders trade. roughly of the passing indebted poor countries are endowed with raw materials and other resources. overdue to this presence of natural resources they have benefited from the international trade partners. So due to loan binge of the excessive debt on the poorer countries the trading partners and trading blocs faint-hearted away since they do not want to be associated with a highly indebted country. This leads to slow economic growth and development of the country since they have to trade with countries with the same features and therefore and they cannot get a lot of finances. Most of these products from developing counties are exported to developed countries.So when these poor nations are set about with high level of protectionism in the international markets they experience a lemonlike reduction of exports leading to unfavorable balance of payment. The developed or trading countries bring up /erect protectionist laws inform of tariff s quotas, or standard of goods hence locking out most of the primary exports from the poor countries from accessing international markets. 6 . Debts and environment. Environmental issues, poverty and debts are very much related. This is because the more the developing countries stay.Developing countries stay in debts, the more they will feel that they strike to exploit the earth or natural resources for the hard cash they bring in. the poor countries also have to cut back on its social, health, endowment, conservation, enjoyment and other important programs, cutting back on all these issues center the country will not realize development process. These are main(prenominal) pillars of any development process to advance. The countries development will stagnate since all the sectors necessary to steer forward have been cut back.

Holidays & Christmas Carnivals Essay

It is hard to find any(prenominal)one, who does not equivalent Christmas. This is one of the most darling holidays, when families get together, decorate the house, install Christmas tree, prepare some favorite meals, or even arrange parties. And, of course, give and receive presents I had many raise celebrations of Christmas, which were contrary from each other. Once in primary schooltime we pose a Christmas carnival. There was a beautiful Christmas tree, a lot of scrumptious meals and music, and, of course, Santa Claus with his presents for every child.Once, on the day before the Christmas my parents decided to make some huge shopping. We bought full truck of the things for house, starting from armchairs, kitchenware, and ending with decorations. So we washed-out all the Christmas vacations enjoying our new stuff and arranging it. In my secondary school times I had a table mate, who happened to break her leg beneficial on the eve of Christmas. So I bought some presents an d chocolates for her, and went to the hospital to summate some happiness to that girl, whose family was rather poor. When I was 14, we went to my aunts tail end for Christmas.I spent some great time there, because I like my cousins very much and we always have a lot of maneuver together. We played games and had some amazing night forest hike in Christmas night. Two years later the family of my aunt joined my family in celebrating Christmas. So together with my cousins we went to a bowling club and had amazing evening of compete bowling. I proved to be really good in that And because we had a good party at home again. Once, before having handed-down Christmas family gathering, we went to a music club with my friends. There a female destiny named Rockland Ladies played live.That was impressive we were dancing and having pretty good time The expire Christmas I spent in a ski mountain live with my university friends. We went to one of the ski resorts in Colorado and had some gr eat Christmas vacations on the opened air I think that it is wonderful to celebrate Christmas holiday in a new way every year. That is how I loafer recreate myself, have some perfect rest and get effectuate for a new year, and also receive many positive emotions and different unforgettable impressions.Bibliography Christmas. Christmas Carnivals. Compare Infobase Pvt. Ltd. 3 Nov. 2005 <http//www. christmascarnivals. com/>.

Emily Dickinson Comparative Poems Essay

Emily Dickinson was a religious person, but she eternally hesitationed invest and holiness in her poetry. She fitms to non take a solid stance in the debate between science and faith. However, Dickinson beted to particularly struggle with the idea of faith and what it sincerely meant. This is evident in most of her poetry, but two verses that fact mood of this atomic number 18 trustingness is a graceful invention and I perceive a Fly buzzWhen I Died. Faith is a mulct invention is a short metrical composition comparing faith and science. I see this poetry as a concise and sincerely perfect claim.Dickinson is basically portraying that religion is okay, just as long as the individual is aware of when it is appropriate to depend upon it. I think this poem does mock religion a bit. She never says that all community who set their trust in their religion are ignorant, but I do hope that she is implying that some may be consumed by their faith, to the point of blindnes s. Faith cannot solve everything, and those who mean it does are somewhat ignorant to deliberate so. Dickinson in addition refers to faith as an invention in the first line of the poem.I feel that to imply that something has been invented would be to suggest that its artificial and not concrete. Maybe man has invented religion as a means of a scapegoat in situations, so thats why faith, to Dickinson, is a fine invention / When Gentlemen can see (Dickinson 1-2). It is an invention, because religion sometimes may plough a tool to draw attention away from immorality. This is true to the highest degree those who claim to have strong faiths, but are very cursorily to find faults in others. Faith should not be way of taking the blame off of oneself.If someone cannot view their own behavior as immoral, are they in all blind? This poem somewhat satirically mocks how people use faith in situations where it may rear to be completely useless. Certain liveliness problems, health ailm ents especially, cannot be solved by opinion on faith. In a crisis, religion cant be relied upon to save an individual. I feel that the microscope in line 3 holds six-fold meanings. The microscope a tangible tool to help us see things that we cannot see with just the naked eye. This is a metaphor for valet being satisfactory to see the truth and truthfulness of a situation.This presents a actuallyness in the poem, as opposed to the invention of faith. In an emergency (Dickinson 4) science would prove to be useful while faith would not. I would argue that this poem definitely forces readers to contemplate her faith. The poem is short, but conveys a clear message. numerous individuals turn to god when they are in the midst of a life crisis. However, faith is not the answer in an emergency (Dickinson 4). God cannot always save us, so we must open our eyes and take a closer look to realize this.We must save ourselves sometimes, despite the trust many people have put in their fait h. The poem I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died is a poem almost death. The talker has already died, and speaking from the grave, they describe the last a couple of(prenominal) moments of their life. Before the speaker is ab go forth to reach the light (Dickinson 14), the buzzing tent flap that is in the room comes between the speaker and the light. The conclusion of the poem is truly ambiguous and leaves the reader wondering whether or not the speaker reached what would seem to be heaven.It also causes the reader to question if heaven, to Dickinson, is even real or not. The fly coming between the speaker and heaven is representative of reality. The speaker was hoping that before they died, they would be greeted by god, or perhaps Jesus. Dickinson really seems to question gods existence in this poem. She conveys the fact that many humans try to console themselves with stories about god and heaven. Even when the speaker is about to die, they are hopeful to be greeted by god or jesus, but this is really not the case.Heaven does not provide an afterlife, if heaven really even exists at all. Life is the only tangible thing. The fly interrupting the ease illustrates the ordinary, the average, every day tangible things. Although Emily Dickinson was a religious woman, I did transform this poem as having an agnostic theme about it. It even leads me to believe that Dickinson was unsure herself if there was truth to faith, and if god was real. She recognized that people want to almost fantasize about a softer side of death.I believe that people who claim to have very strong faith are guilty of that. Knowing, or at least hoping that you will be taken to heaven by god when you die is a comforting thought. muckle dont like to think about the harsh reality of death. As in Faith is a fine invention Dickinson points out that faith is something that man has created. If man has created it, can it actually be real? The way she questions faith in many of her poems would conve y to the audience to believe that she had very deep struggles with her own faith and religion.

Market Structure Simulation

Market Structure Simulation quasar Computers When industries are selling resembling products this tops up market structure. I will be discussing economic emolument that quasi-stellar radio source computer is able to make. The market structure is made of the chase pure monopoly, pure competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. In the simulation I victimize round pricing and non pricing strategies and understanding the diverse market structure. quasi-stellar radio source put out a saucy first all-optical notebook that is called Neutron. Quasar had to come with strategy regarding harm and gain profit while having the just notebook on the market and monopolizing.To give a basic everyplaceview we Quasar set the price at $2,550 per notebook to create a broadcast and so that marginal greet will equal to marginal revenue. In 2004 Quasar Computers had to review the advertising. The recommendation was $500 million. My price was $2,450, total cost 13. 29, total revenue 15 . 1 and total profit was 1. 82. Due to the new lunch, David thought it would be a good idea to upgrade production. Jane phones we should better on the areas that we had major losses. Quasar Computers would need to sell more than over $500 million to make a profit and the Neutron would have to be priced higher.In 2006 competition arrises and we have to lower our prices, work on spot building to make sure we can keep our gain from Orin Technolgies since the confederacy gain 50% of the market in notebooks. Orin Technologies is now in the similar industry as Quasar and we are no longer monopolizing and Oligopoly. I think Quasar was a bit caught off guard. They had to think fast before competition became an issue. Quasar had to make decision tender if they should invest more funds into the marketing if they wanted to sell notebooks and dawn out to a larger base of consumers or work on research and development.If Quasar wanted to success they had to stop and think about what inffic iences they had and not expect to sell the same amount of quantity. Also during the clipping Orin came in the demand Neutron was sloping down and which increasing any price would just have consumer not buying any of their products. For Quasar to be sucesseful they have to focus on affordable but yet reference technology to remain in the game. Quasar how to reinvent technology and make their notebook fun and consumer entertained. Reference Geoff, R. (2006) Retrieved from http//tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy. html U. S. subdivision of Commerce. (November 23, 2011). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http//www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/pi/pinewsrelease. htm McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). rising York McGraw Hill/Irwin. U. S Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, November 22). individual(prenominal) Income and Outlay. Retrieved November 27, 2011 http//www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease. htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011, February 3). The Economic chance and Macroeconomic Policy. Retrieved November 27, 2011

Are private beliefs the legitimate concern of employers? Essay

Employers should be concerned with some of what there employee believes in, however snobbish beliefs may be taking this too far. An employer should be watchful of their employees, to ingest sure that they dont get in to trouble, and are non suffering from stress. It is in the employers best interests that this is done so that the employee is the close productive that he or she can be. However in a world where peoples privacy is becoming less and less, is it right for an employer to be concerned with the private beliefs of their employee? I think that it is, because the welfare of the employer and all of the workers could in the most extreme case be in jeopardy.We have controversy concerning employee privacy. forthwith workers every keystroke leaves a trail of information that employers generally have the jural right to examine and use as the basis for disciplinary movement against employees. Employees have been fired because of the content of e-mails or for surfing to intern et sites deemed hostile by the employer. Employees have been forced to supply urine samples for drug testing, condition personality tests in prank interviews, and secretly videotapedeven in social club restrooms. Yet very few laws protect employee privacy the political exponent of business has been able to fend off most attempts to limit employer discretion. A few notable exceptions exist for example, federal law prohibits employers from administering lie-detector tests in job interviews.If an employer is trying to hire a fundamentalist, or a freedom champ for example, then I think that it is in the employers benefit that they know this information. It is in the interests of the companys security that this information should be known to them. The worlds growth diversity cultural, racial, ethnic and unearthly, poses significant challenges and opportunities for the corporate workplace. The transformation from a comparatively homogenous society to the present multicultural situa tion calls for special efforts to cling to a work environment free from intimidation, harassment and discrimination, and which promotes productivity and a strong bottomline.Unfortunately, the very programs designed to reduce problems are actually creating sassy ones. The issue of sexual orientation within diversity training courses is especially problematic, and the topic of heated discussions. While there is a genuine film to address the issues raised by employees who identify as gay or lesbian, some current attempts to do so end up discriminate against other employees. Given the strong feelings and sensitivities that surround the subject of private beliefs and feelings, poses a difficult challenge to employers.If business survival depends upon contented and loyal employees who sentience that their beliefs and values are respected, then focus upon sexual orientation as a diversity category is clearly counter-productive. For a great many Americans, the celebration of diversity is a thinly disguised attempt to decriminalize a behavior that they believe to be immoral and, what is more, to persuade them to form their beliefs.Prudence in the workplace can resolve potential unearthly discrimination problems before they become legal suits. If an employer is truly seeking to rove the diversity of the workforce, for both moral and practical reasons, avoidance of all forms of exacting sensitivity training, of whatever kind, should be the norm. Apart from the promotion of ad hoc social agendas, there is no need to require employees to endure lectures, presentations, fibre playing or simulations that are an affront to deeply held moral and religious beliefs.Civility programs recognize and acknowledge the real differences that exist between people, differences of birth and belief. Yet, in spite of these differences, it is possible to work with others different from oneself in incontrovertible and productive ways, even when strongly held beliefs differ and c lash. It is possible to be cultured toward those with whom we disagree, and to build a significant degree of unity and community in the workplace. For companies who seek to be globally competitive, this is a necessity.

Describe The theme of oppression Essay

The theme of conquering is examined when comparing the literary devices in the poem As I Grew old(a) by Langston Hughes and the story The Loophole Of sequester by Harriet A. Jacobs. It is through the use of incarnation and symbolism that the theme is reflected. The oppression is in just use of authority or power.In the poem As I Grew Older by Langston Hughes describes about a black girl that had a dream, exclusively this dream was slowly disappearing from her. She didnt draw enough immunity and she invariably wants it to through. The author in the poem is hide from oppression by hiding in the attic. withal Hughes uses rough literary devices much(prenominal) as symbolism and personification.By axiom the words the wall rose Langston Hughes masking personification because the wall cant grow. Then in the second paragraph the wall is represent symbolism. It is symbolizes her dream with a wall because this wall is blocking her joy and future.In the story Loophole Of Retreat b y Harriet A. Jacobs shows the oppression as darkness. He lived in the small garret that he called it as den. It was very dark didnt have enough pains in it and was not for a cold weather. A. Jacobs uses some conflict in the story by saying the words I suffered for air even more than for light. It shows us that he wanted to have more freedom and not to depend on anybody.In the poem As I Grew Older by Langston Hughes and the story Loophole Of Retreat by Harriet A. Jacobs use the same theme and the some(prenominal) have oppression. The authors both deal with oppression by breaking through it. Also the both poem and the story have the same ideas and feelings about their problems.

Hispanic/Latino Culture Essay

Latinos or Latinos ar delineate as a mass of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, southeastern or Central American, or some other Spanish speaking culture. This term Hispanics was created by the U. S. federal govern ment in the previous(predicate) 1970s to refer to Americans born in a Spanish speaking republic or with ancestry to Spanish territories. Hispanics population ar vibrant, socializing, and fun loving people. Among divers(a) facts associated to this culture is that they nourish a occult sense of involvement in their family imposts and cultures.Hispanics / Latinos wear strong non-verbal and verbal expressions of converse. To snap off understand unmatched another they besides rely the use of non-verbal communication. This includes facial expressions, lot and body movements, physical touch, function pitch, voice reasoneds, and physical carriages. A Hispanic nonplus screaming as her child takes their starting stigmaal steps is a type of sound and facial expre ssions use to show perception without words. A firm handshake is a common exercising between people as greeting and as they leave.A squeezing and a light fondle on a cheek are also common greetings practices between adult female, and men and woman who are close friends or family. Children are also though to practice this ways of greetings to their elders in a way to show respect. Men also hug each other in sign on of affection. Making eye contact when macrocosm spoken to is also a sign of respect, especially if the person is elder. I mean if my mother was talking to me as a child and I looked away, I was in so much troubleNon-verbal communication is very serious in opposite communication also because it shows feelings, intentions, and reactions. In the Hispanic culture respect is highly wanted and shown by using formal titles when communication verbally. Communicating phrases are used mundane like A sus ordenes (at your command), mirror symmetry servirle a usted (at you r service), mi reyna (my queen), or mi rey ( my king). When it comes to advice, Hispanic families pick out to communicate with their elders because of their experience.For example, when one becomes sick the elder may advice a safe simple home remedy. The Hispanic culture has different values, beliefs, and traditions. Family is highly value. Family is a close-knit group and the most all-important(a) social group to gather in any events or special days. The Hispanic family unit includes not only parents and children still also grandparents and extended family. Individuals within the family allow moral responsibilities to help other members of the family experiencing monetary problems, unemployment, health conditions and any other life issues.They show the importance natesd upon kindred within their family extending a hand in good times and bad. Respeto y dignidad (respect and dignity) are other important values of the Hispanic culture. Childrens are taught to avoid confrontati ons with parents and elderly persons, and to be obedient and respectful. The Hispanics believe that the scram is head of the family and the mother is to take premeditation of home. Naming children after grandparents and parents is fairly common.A well-known tradition is the celebration of a fifteen year old young woman called Quincenera. Hispanics culture and traditions are based almost celebrating and spending time with love ones. Hispanics commonly give great importance to and place great value on looks and appearance as a sense of honor, dignity, and pride. dress attire is commonly used for button to church and all religious celebrations as well as parties, social gatherings, and work, Although this tradition visualizems less common in Latinos that have been in the USA for a while.tennis shoes and jeans however are meet more popular among Hispanic woman particularly in non-formal events. It is very important to know that most Americans who were born in or have ancestry of a Spanish speaking nation see themselves and refer to themselves by their ethnic identity. For example, they prefer usually to be referred as Cuban, Mexican, Colombian, or Puerto Rican, not as Hispanic or Latino. Being a diverse flow of many countries there is no discredit we form the most rich and eccentric culture growing in the USA.

Limiting the Extent of Party Discipline in Canada Essay

Party solidarity and gluiness have eternally been an integral part of the Westminster Parliamentry brass. The attractorship of the governingal parties of the Canadian House of greens , with the assistance of whips, real starchyly theater their ships comp all divisions to vote on issues as a single entity, especially in comprehensive sessions (Olson, 2003). Although, some form of company agree is essential for any governmental fellowship to maintain their power as they get hold of the corporate trust of the volume of the legislative sleeve of the government, this f atomic number 18 does not really ponder a democracy.This paper argues that implememnting a astronomic extent of society check over undermines the life story of democracy as the politicians become to a greater extent than than(prenominal) concerned with appeasing their caller attractors for their individual(prenominal) social welf ars, instead of truly even offing the desires and demands of the citizens of their idiosyncratic constituencies. As mentioned previously, it is argued that strict fellowship discipline is necessary to see that the current governnig party maintains its power since a vote of non assurance in the House of Commons dope ultimately lead to federal re-election, or re-appointment of the prime attend.However, as Kilgour et al. rgue in Crosscurrents Contemporaty semi semipolitical Issues (2013 205), enforcing strict cohesion strategies to ensure party unity leads to outgrowths of Parliament to become extreamly inactive as they no longer conceive for themselves, only when merely conform to the demands of their party leaders. Their opinions and thoughts argon constrsained by a attention of a loss of mass in the House Of Commons. It is very crucial for any political party to value and admiration the opinions of its members to assess a situation more closely and obtain diverse opinions. However, sacrosanct party discipline stifles the v alues and opinions of individual members of party.Consequently, this diversity of imagination is replaced by a single unit of party that bounces a single, rigid opinion on well-nigh issues. This devalues the sense of liberty and freedom that is wanted by democracy. Often times, it is observed that the members of a party vote in a similar fashion, not just to ensure a mass confidence motion, but too to derive personal gains. If a member of parliament wishes to advance their political career and gain quicker forward motions, he or she muct act according to the manage of their party leaders (Kam, 2006).Expression of discord from the MPs can have fearsome consequences for their career. They can be warned about the want of financial support, or even be ultimately expelled from the party caucus. Kam (2006) in like manner suggested that the promotion of ministers is greatly manipulated by the prime minister to ensure maximum conformation to the partys position. Sometimes, cert ain ministers of parliament are deliberately brought into the cabinet as it is besides dangerous to leave them as a backbencher (a member of House of Commons) where they can openly challenge and vote against the position of the leader of the political party.This suggests that the deliberate promotion, or demotion, ministers of parliament is not imputable to their, merits or demerits, but is rather strategically devised to overall benefit the party. In addition, the vote of the members of the House of Commons not only does not represent the opinions of individual ministers, but also it not a representation of a members unyielding and unconditional the true to his or her party.Rather, it is a conscious decision to vote according to the wishes of the party leader to maintain the imge of conformity and ensure personal gains and benefits for the members of parliament, which would reward in the form of more opportunities to ascend the political ladder and make water personal and profe ssional gains that do not particularly benefit the citizens of the consituency that choose the member of parliament. It is unquestionable that voting in the Canadian House of Common is exceedingly make grow and very highly regulated by emloying various methods.The study of the patterns of recorded votes shows that majority of votes show some no jib from the party members. Also, rejection of major government motions due to dissent of the members of the House of Commons is extremely rare (Malloy, 2003). Canada operates on a system of majoritarian parliamentary government. Cohesion of political parties is very essential to maintain a majority rule by ensuring that vote of non confidence is not ever issued (Kam, 2001).Due to this perpetual threat of the possibility of loss of majority and formation of a coalition, political parties are very strongly disciplined by their leaders. A coalition governmet is not inevitably always detremental. It can help to surrogate more cooperation in different political parties and compel the members of a party to reach the opinions and views that are different from the ideology share by their party. It also provides an opportunity for a greater debate and consideration ahead arriving at a common decision.Maintaining strong party discipline just to snuff it the possibility of the formation of a coalitions limits the possibilities for political experimentation and possible positive growth. The pitch is not just welcomed, but also deliberately resisted using the traditional practice of oppressive party discipline. The members of parliament are elected by, and are required to respresent the citizens of their individual constituencies.The common vision shared by their party and party leader may or may not reflect the wishes of the citizens. The first and foremost duty of an MP is to cater to the necessitate and the demands of the citizens who representativeally elected him or her. The loyalty to ones party should be a a lternative priority. However, as observed, most times, this is not the case. This badly debilitates the sole purpose of a parliamentary government which demands the citizens voice and opinions to be comprehend above all others.Although some degree of party discipline may be required to control and maintain cohesion within the House of Commons to draw a bead on policies and arrive at a loaded decision, it does not really encompass democratic ideas. Party discipline compells the members of a party to not pay heed to the needs of the citizens, but to blindly follow the demands do by their party leaders.This practice is also morally questionable as the political success of ministers of parliament is largely ground on their loyalty to the partys alues, even if they contradict his/ her personal opinions. sort of of being constantly threatened by the possiblity of losing the confidence of the majority of the House of Commons, profound diversifys need to be made to change the West mister Parliamentry structure to alter, if not eliminate, this system that makes it almost mandatory for the parties to implement rigid party discipline. Limiting the extent of the party discipline would help to make the Canadian government more democratic by accomodating more diverse ideas and opinions.

Personal Financial Plan

own(prenominal)ized Financial Plan Part 5 Sheri Mulder Personal Finance historic period 30 Establish good credit and reverse excessive debt Invest aggressively for solitude Buy a first alkali and class equity flummox a will and health directives Age 30-45 ca-ca an soil plan. Buy adequate purportspan and disability insurance. Keep investing as much as possible. Save for childrens college. Age 45-65 Leverage peak earning geezerhood to build fiscal security. Shift retirement nest egg as necessary. Review estate plans on a regular basis as assets grow and to reflect changing liveness circumstances. Age 65 and beyondAppropriately rebalance assets to reign over risk. Take action to minimize estate taxes and facilitate wealth transfer to descendants. Make sure health insurance is adequate. What was apply to help establish the personal pecuniary plan was a website that had an subject of a monetary plan considering life-stage changes. The example was assistive because it showed different ages of an individuals life and what should be through with(p) during those stages. The example was helpful to use because the example is genuinely similar to the situation and life style changes that are becoming an issue.The financial resources that would be used to help identify financial decisions would be to get a bring from the bank for a mortgage. winning out a bank loan would only be used if thither was a large keep down of cash needed and in that location was non ample saved up to use. It is main(prenominal) to energize a nest egg to dis stretch back on in scale of emergencies so an individual does not shoot to use financial resources to get him or her out an emergency situation. Short-Term Goals destination college Increasing savings account buying a in the buff vehicle diminution high saki debt Buy life insurance Make plans for retirementIntermediate-Term Goals Paying withdraw expensive debt Creating an emergency fund to cover 12 mont hs of expenses Buying a new car Taking special pass Long-Term Goals Own a interior(a) free of mortgage payments Own a vacation home in the mountains someplace remote Accumulate enough cash in hand to not have to work, but perchance something part time in grapheme I get bored My personal risk tolerance is very traditionalist at this current moment of life. Although my time horizon has many years to invest, right now the asset level is not high enough to have very much left to invest. My risk olerance is overly conservative because of lack of experience and association of investing. In the future when there is a higher asset level, there could be a possibility of hiring a headmaster to help with an investment. My time horizon impacts my financial plan because of how many years that there is left before retirement. The number of years that an individual has before retirement is important to determine how to invest and save money. By the time of graduation, there should be come together to forty years to take on risky investments. There will withal be forty years to interference a portfolio with bonds and cash. change Flow record Cash from gross wages 43220 Cash paid for Income taxes and deductions -8164 Mortgage -7617 Food -9600 railroad car expenses -7000 Clothing -1800 Cell phone -1560 mesh and cable TV -1272 Balance plane Assets Liabilities Car $6,183Student Loan $10,000 savings $600 Total $6,783Total $10,000 Net pricey ($3,217) Personal periodic Budget project Monthly Income $1,667. 28 Actual Monthly Income $2,684. 00 Housing Housing Projected appeal Actual Difference Mortgage $934. 72 $934. 2 0 Phone $130. 00 $159. 00 -29 galvanic $212. 00 $212. 00 0 Cable $84. 00 $84. 00 0 trigger off saving, keep saving, and stick to your goals Contribute to your employers retirement savings plan insure active your employers pension plan Dont jibe your retirement savings Ask your employer to set forth a p lanPut money into an Individual retreat Account Find out about your Social Security benefits Time time value of money impacts this part of the plan because the protracted money is saved, the more it will be worth when an individual retires. When you save or invest money, it will be worth more because it will gain stakes by investing it. The earlier a person invests or saves money, the longer that the amount of money has time to gain interest and increase in value. Works Cited https//ww3. janus. com/Janus/ sell/StaticPage? jsp=jsp/Common/JanusReportHTML. jsp&038assetname=JanusReportThroughYears &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212

Credit Appraisal Process

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION * drive for selecting the bemuse * Scheme of the see to it * seek Methodology * Limitation of the teach 2. faith POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANK * mercenary shores and its tar get through with(p)s * Re penny insurance tuitions regarding pious platitude mention * ever-changing phase of argot trust * Tr residuums of savings stick conviction in India * mental movement for providing blaspheme opinion * interview disk judgment 3. THE PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PNB * Indian wedgeing bena & its subject ch ei on that pointnges * Punjab beat ara savings slang at a glance * guardianship and Vision * musical arrangemental coordinate of PNB 4. reference exercising PHILOSOPHY & POLICY WITH REGARDS TO PNB quotation philosophy * belief policy * guideger entry to lends * Classification of silk hatows * create up of a proposal * Requirements as per constitution of borrower * m wizardtary assessme nt 5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF data * point of reference approximation techniques * Process of consultation estimation for providing slap-up doctrine * assessment techniques for sell adds 6. CONCLUSION * Conclusion * BIBLIOGRAPHY origin The run low business raftslope fiscal c chuck outs pee-pee come the briny ca delectation for recession which was latch mavind in 2006 from US and was spread crosswise the initiation. The world prudence has been major(ip)ly par geted from the crisis.The securities in stock qualify induct locomote pull d decl ar drastic e precise coda(predicate)y which has become the pedigree cause of margeruptcy of m either fiscal foundings and somebodys. The root cause of the economic and m superiorstartary crisis is commendation default of with child(p) companies and individuals which has severely imp good turned the world economy. So in the present scenario analysing atomic ph sensation number 53s faith wor fore shorteness has become rattling principal(prenominal) for any(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) mo salaryary institution so unityr providing each physical body of character reference prepa symmetryn so that a good deal(prenominal) situation doesnt a elevation in near next again. analytic thinking of the character worthiness of the borrowers is k estim adequate a personal manner as faith Appraisal.In enact to consider the trust estimate st considergy followed by the swears this task has been conducted. The bulge has analysed the consultation appraisal force with come aparticular(a) reference to Punjab consequence deposit which includes knowing roughly the diverse book of details facilities countenanced by the blasphemes to its guests, how a bind proposal is organism check, what be the formalness that is to be satisfied and virtu any(prenominal)y burning(prenominal)ly knowing about the conglome rove faith appraisal techniques which atomic nu mber 18 diametric for all(prenominal) shell of reference point facility. Before passing game further it is necessary to figure the motivation and basic manakin of the project.T presentfore this chapter yields an introduction to the progeny, accusatory of the project, reasons for selecting the project and the basic structure and manakin how the project subject. In order to infrastand the br miseryiance of the radical selected an introduction to the oerview of the mer movetile depose , its dutys, and present curls and increase in posit reference book ar call for and it is c everywhereed in this chapter. Reasons for selecting the project Whenever an individual or a society uses a de nonation that spirit they atomic number 18 get coin that they promise to re remuneration with in a pre- obstinate bound.In order to assess the re birthing ta bring i. e. to gauge their recognize worthiness depository financial institutions use diverse techniques that differ with the diverse emblems of assign facilities submitd by the edge. In the live scenario where it is seen that big companies and pecuniary institutions breeding been tillrupted just because of im locatee default so faith Appraisal has become an all weighty(predicate) aspect in the slanging sphere and is gaining prime importance. It is the incident of opinion defaults that has tending(p) rise to the mo depotinalary crisis of 2008-09.But in India the commendation default is comparatively unforesightful that opposite countries much(prenominal) as US. ane of the reasons confidential information to this etiolatethorn be salutary appraisal techniques utilise by banks and fiscal institutions in India. Eventually the importance of this project is in general to understand the extension appraisal techniques employ by the banks with special reference to Punjab subject atomic number 18a affirm. Scheme of the project It covers the objective and structu re of the project which is discussed as follows- accusing of the project The overall objective of this project is to under stand the current conviction appraisal brass utilize in banks.The Credit Appraisal establishment has been analysed as per the different recognize facilities provided by the bank. The expand explanation about the techniques and shape has been discussed in detail in the further chapters. hearty organisation or Plan of the project The project first of all makes a study about the mercenary banks- its grand licks. whencecely it highlights on the concept of cashbox Credit & its re cent trends. The project whence proceeds towards the vanquishow procedure of banks and here it highlights about deferred sufferment appraisal existence the first metre in edifice up of a lend proposal.Then it discusses the bank ac accredit policy with respect to Punjab study bank where the project was undertaken. The project whence proceeds with the reexamin ation of lit i. e. follow of virtually past times work regarding credit appraisal by various inquiryers. The project past moves towards look for mode actingology where it covers the tuition regarding the type of data collected and the metaphysical concepts used in the project be discussed in detail. Then the project proceeds with the next chapter consisting of the digest part which covers the abridgment of various techniques used by the banks for the routine of credit appraisal.Then the project moves to its next chapter i. e. findings where some out harvestings found out argon taken and thence piteous on to the survive and the final chapter i. e. the bring upions and conclusions where some steps argon stired to be implemented to plus the work ability and to reduce to work compel commercial-grade mess mount up banks and its objectives A commercial bank is a type of fiscal go- ming lead with that provides checking peaks, savings beaks, and silver merchand ise accounts and that accepts duproportionn defines.Some use the boundary line commercial bank to refer to a bank or a division of a bank originally dealing with deposits and gives from corporations or with child(p) businesses. This is what people universally call a bank. The line commercial was used to distinguish it from an investment bank. Commercial banks atomic number 18 the oldest, biggest and fastest developing financial in barrierediaries in India. They ar as well the to the highest degree great depositories of existence savings and the most important disbursers of finance. Commercial banking in India is a erratic banking remains, the consideratered of which exists nowhere in the world.The loyalty of this statement becomes clear as wiz studies the philosophy and come a foresightedes that use up contri un littleed to the evolution of banking policy, classmes and trading operations in India. The banking dust in India working under constraints that go with social catch and human creations ownership. The public ownership of banks has been achieved in tether stages 1995, july 1969 and April, 1980. Not that the public heavens banks nonwithstanding as well the under demesne empyrean and foreign banks are contractful to meet the targets in respect of heavensal deployment of credit, regional distri exactlyion of branches, and regional credit deposit ratios.The operations of banks puzzle been determined by lead bank scheme, Differential prescribe of affair scheme, Credit authorization scheme, chronicle norms and contribute systems dictate by the authorities, the saying of credit plans, and service area approach. Commercial jargons in India score a special authority in India. The privileged employment of the banks is the result of their unique features. The liabilities of situate are m geniusy and on that pointfore they are important part of the concedement mechanism of any democracy.For a financial s ystem to rag and allocate savings of the country success encompassing and productively and to facilitate daylight-to-day proceedings in that respect must be a class of financial institutions that the public views are as estimable and convenient outlets for its savings. The structure and working of the banking system are intact to a countrys financial stability and economic growth. It has been rightly claimed that the diversification and development of Indian saving are in no small beat collectible to the active role banks affirm played financing economic activities of different orbits.Major objectives of commercial banks avow Credit The adoption qualification provided to an individual by the banking system, in the form of credit or a bring is cognize as a bank credit. The come bank credit the individual has is the articulation of the borrowing capacity each lender bank provides to the individual. The run paradigms of the banking fabrication in general and credit dispensation in particular study at peace(p) through with(predicate) and through a major upheaval. * change order suck in spillen aggressively. * traditionalistic growth and secureing such as incarnate credit has been either slowly or non economic as out front. bank buildings contemptible into retail finance, reside station on the once piquant retail contributes as well started coming down. * Credit happen of expo trustworthys has went up and saucily types pretends are sur approach Types of credit- argot in India provide mainly mindless(prenominal) term credit for financing working outstanding need although, as leave behind be seen subsequently, their term brings hold back ontogenesisd over the years. The various types of advances provide by them are (a) margin Loans, (b) interchange credit, (c) overdrafts, (d) postulate Loans , (e) leveraging and discounting of commercial elevations, and, (f) instalment or hire purchase credit. Volume of Cr edit-Commercial banks are a major source of finance to constancy and commerce. striking bank credit has gone on e shufflence from Rs 727 crore in 1951 to Rs 19,124 crore in 1978, to Rs 69,713 crore in 1986, Rs 1,01,453 crore in 1989-90 , Rs 2,82,702 crore in 1997 and to Rs 6,09,053 crore in 2002. beachs puddle introduced many innovative schemes for the disbursement of credit. Among such schemes are village adoption, horticulture development branches and equity fund for small units. Recently, most of the banks brook introduced attractive education add schemes for pursuing studies at home or abroad.They commit introduced attractive educational bring schemes for pursuing studies at home or abroad. They fork up moved in the counseling of bridging real defects or gaps in their policies, such as giving too oft credit to large shield industrial units and commerce and giving too elfin credit to agriculture, small industries and so on. The exoteric celestial sphere desires are thus farther the leading lendersthough growth has potd pard to preceding quarter. The credit growth rate has dipped sharply in foreign and hush-hush banks compared to previous quarter. In all, the credit growth has slipped in this quarter. Credit (YOY Growth) swear out 28 2008 March 27 2009 habitual heavens Banks 22. 5 20. 4 The pass judgment take gone down compared to previous quarter when it was seen that at that place was no changes in lend grade in private and foreign banks. But then compared to rate cuts take for grantede by RBI, they still need to go cast down. Table 16 lessening in depositary and contribute Rates (October 2008 April 2009*) (Basis points) Bank Group Deposit Rates better(p)ow Rates (BPLR) Public heavens Banks 125-250 125-225 Private Sector Banks 75-200 coke-125 vanadium Major outside(prenominal) Banks nose substructuredy-200 0- coke BPLR Oct 08 Mar 09 Apr 09 transport (from Oct to Apr) Public Sector Banks 13. 75-14. 75 11 . 50-14. 00 11. 50-13. 50 125-225 Private Sector Banks 13. 75-17. 75 12. 75-16. 75 12. 50-16. 75 100-125 Five Major Foreign Banks 14. 25-16. 75 14. 25-15. 75 14. 25-15. 75 0-100 Sector-wise credit points credit has change magnitude to agriculture, manufacture and objective estate whereas has declined to NBFCs and Housing. A bank congregation wise sectoral allocation is withal addicted which suggests private banks have increases exposure to agriculture and real estate but has declined to industry.Public sector banks have increased allocation to industry and real estate. at that place is a to a smashing extent detailed analysis in the macroeconomic reportreleased onwards the monetary policy. Sector As on February 15, 2008 As on February 27, 2009 % dowery Variations % parcel of land Variations in total (per cent) in total (per cent) Agriculture 9. 2 16. 4 13 21. 5 perseverance 45. 2 25. 9 52. 5 25. 8 Real Estate 3. 1 26. 7 8. 5 61. 4 Housing 7. 3 12 4. 7 7. 5 NBFCs 5 . 7 48. 6 6. 6 41. 7 general Credit 100 22 100 19. 5 To sum up, the credit conditions awaits to have worsened by and bywardward January 2009.The range have declined but bring has non developedly picked up. However, the question still last outs whether credit decline is because banks are non modify (supply) or becausepeople/ corporals are non borrowing (lack of ingest). It is commonaltyly seen that all financial variables as lead indicators say if credit growth (along with some differentwise fin indicators) is picking, actual growth go away as well as rise. However, it is real seen the relation is far from clear. In fact, the financial indicatorshardly serve predict any change in business cycle. or so rise in good time and fall in bad times.Most financial indicators failed to predict this global financial crisis and unploughed rising making everyone all the more than complacent. Recent policy developments Regarding Bank Credit Bank bestow was done for a long time by assessing the working dandy needfully establish on the concept of MPBF (maximum permissible bank finance). This normal has been with move with the effect from April 15th 1997 in the sense experience that the date, banks have been left freehanded to choose their own method ( from the method such as turnover , cash budget, present MPBF , or any opposite theory) of assessing working keen consumement of the borrowers.The cash credit system has been the bane, yet it has exhibited a remarkable effect of survival all these years. In spite of many efforts which were orient in nature, only a slow progress has been make to reduce its importance and increase schnozzle financing. Therefore a concrete and direct policy step was taken on April 21, 1995 which made it compulsory for banks, consortia, syndicates to restrict cash credit components to the prescribed limit , the balance creation minded(p) in the form of a utterly term loanword, which would be a occupy loa n for a maximum conclusion of one year, or in eccentric person of eonal industries , for six months.The pertain rates on the cash credit and loan components are to be stock-still in accordance with the prime bestow rates unyielding by the banks. This loan system was first made applicable to the borrowers with an MPBF of Rs 20 crore and in a high place and in their case , the ratio of cash credit (loan) to MPBF was progressively trim(increased) from 75 (25) per cent in April 1995 , to 60 (40) portion in September 1995, 40 (60) per cent in April 1996 , and 20 (80) percent in April 1997.With the withdrawal of instructions about the MPBF in April 1997 , the prescribed cash credit and loan components came to be link to the working capital limit arrived in banks as per the method of their choice. With effect from September 3, 1997, the RBI has permitted banks to entrap their quick exposure limit to a business free radical from 50% to 60% the supererogatory 10% limit being exclusively meant for investment in stem projects. The term lending by banks similarwise has subject to the limits resolved by RBI. In 1993, this limit was raise from Rs 10 crore to Rs 50 crore in case of a oan for a single project by a single bank, and from Rs 150 crore to Rs 200 crore for a single project by all the banks. The latter limit was subsequently raised to Rs 500 crore in the case of general projects and Rs 1000 crore for tycoon projects. From September3, 1997 these caps on term lending by banks were removed subject to their compliance with the prudential exposure norms. The banks can invest in and underwrite donations and debentures of corporate bodies. At present, they can invest fiver percent of their incremental deposits in equities of companies including other(a) banks.Their investment in shares/ Bonds of DFHI, Securities trading community of India (STCI), all Indian financial institutions and bonds (debentures) and perceptiveness shares of the companies are excluded from this ceiling of five per cent with affect from April 1997 . From the aforementioned(prenominal) date banks could spend loans inside this ceiling to the corporate against shares held by them. They could also offer overdraft facilities to stock brokers registered with help of SEBI against shares and debentures held by them for nine months without change of ownership. changing PHASE OF BANK recognize-A study assort headed by Shri Prakash Tandon, the then Chairman of Punjab National Bank, was constituted by the RBI in July 1974 with eminent personalizedities drawn from leading banks, financial institutions and a wide cross-section of the industry with a view to study the whole gamut of Banks finance for working capital and suggest ways for optimum utilization of Bank credit. This was the first elaborate attempt by the central bank to organize the Bank credit. Most banks in India still at once continue to look at the need of the corporate in the light of met hodology recommended by the Group.The report of this group is astray known as Tandon delegacy report. The punynesses in the interchange Credit system have persisted with the non-implementation of one of the crucial recommendations of the delegation. In the orbit of credit expansion seen in 1977-79 and its ill effects on the economy, RBI plant a working group to study and suggest- i) Modifications in the Cash Credit system to make it amenable to interrupt heed of bills by the Bankers and ii) Alternate type of credit acilities to ensure better credit discipline and co relation amongst credit and production. The Group was headed by Sh. K. B. business of RBI and was named Chore citizens committee. Another group headed by Sh. P. R. Nayak (Nayak mission) was entrusted the job of aspect for into the difficulties faced by Small Scale Industries due to the sophisticated nature of Tandon Chore Committee recommendations. His report is applicable to units with credit requireme nts of less than Rs. 50 lacs.The recommendations made by Tandon Committee and reinforced by Chore Committee were implemented in all Banks and Bank Credit became such(prenominal) more organized. However, the recommendations were sensed as too strict by the industry and there has been a around-the-clock clamor from the Industry for movement from mandate control to a voluntary merchandise related restraint. With recent liberalization of economy and reforms in the financial sector, RBI has disposed the immunity to the Banks to work out their own norms for inventory and the earlier norms are now to be taken as guidelines and not a mandate.In fact, beginning with the slack season credit policy of 1997-98, RBI has also give full freedom to all the Banks to devise their own method of assessing the short term credit requirements of their clients and grant lines of credit accordingly. Most banks, however, continue to be maneuver by the principles enunciated in Tandon Committee report . shortens of Bank Credit in India The face of Indian banking has changed radically in the last disco biscuit. A perusal of the Basic Statistical Returns submitted by banks to the Reserve Bank of India arrangements that between 1996 and 2005, personal loans have been the fastest festering as destiny, increasing from 9. per cent of the total bank credit in 1996 to 22. 2 per cent in 2005. Of course, this is partly due to the wide rise in accommodate loans, which rose from 2. 8 per cent of the bank credit to 11 per cent over the period, but other personal loans comprising loans against fixed deposits, gold loans and unbolted personal loans also rose from 6. 1 per cent to 10. 7 per cent. other categories whose share increased were loans to professionals and loans to finance companies. In contrast, there has been a sharp decline in the share of lendings to industry. Credit to small subdue industries brutish from 10. per cent of the total in 1996 to 4. 1 per cent in 2005. Reas ons for declining trend of bank credit * A major share of the economic growth has been led by the expansion of the service sector * large(p) ardor and investment intensity compulsory for growth in the current economic context whitethorn not be as high as it used to be in the past. * In manufacturing sector more efficient utilization of existing capacities contributed to the sectoral growth preferably rather than any large addition of dulcet capacities. The consequential increase in the hire for credit was also subdued. Greater and cheaper avenues for credit resulted in a bigger share of disintermediation being resorted to by large borrowers. The other trend has been the satisfying drop in the share of rural credit, darn the share of metropolitan centres has increased. darn bankers say that up gradation of rural centres into semi-urban could be one reason (the share of semi-urban centres has gone up), it is also true that the reforms have been urban-centric and have tended to eudaemonia the metros more. The number of rural bank offices fell from 32,981 in March 1996 to 31,967 by March 2005.The states have been the main beneficiaries of bank credit are the northern region as it has increased its share from 18. 7 per cent of the total credit in 1996 to 22. 2 per cent in 2005. As it was seen that Delhis share went up from 9. 5 per cent to 12. 1 per cent over the period. This is not due to food credit, the account of which is go fored in Delhi. Clearly, the national capital has gained a lot from liberalisation. Trends for the year 2008-09 The aggregative deposits of plan commercial banks have expanded during 2008-09 at a somewhat slower rate (19. %) than in 2007-08 (22. 4%). Within aggregate deposits demand deposits have shown an absolute fall (-Rs 4,179 crore) in contrast to the sizeable increase (Rs 94,579 crore or by 22%) in 2007-08,. On the other hand, time deposits have shown an accelerated increase of 22. 6% (or Rs 647,806 crore) as against 21. 8% (Rs 512,844 crore) in the previous year. In the investment portfolio of banks, the expansion during 2008- 09 at Rs 194,031crore has been much lower than the expansion of Rs 340,250 crore as increase in net bank credit to presidency under onetary data for the same period. This has happened because the latter has a sizeable sum up of RBI credit to governance adjacent the increased open food securities industry operations. Finally, there has occurred considerable slowdown in bank credit expansion. Because of comparatively higher procurance of foodgrains, food credit has expanded by Rs 1,812 crore during 2008-09 as against an absolute fall of Rs 2,121 crore in 2007-08. Non-food credit growth at Rs 406,287 (17. 5%) has been slower than in the previous year at Rs 432,846 (23. 0%).Procedure for providing Bank Credit- Banks offers different types of credit facilities to the eligible borrowers. For this, there are several(prenominal) procedures, controls and guidelines laid out. Cre dit Appraisal, Sanctions, observe and As strike out Recovery Management counterbalance the correct gamut of activities in the lending process of a bank which are understandably shown as below Source- Self constructed From the above chart we can see that Credit Appraisal is the core and the basic spot of a bank before providing loan to any person/ lodge, and so onIt is the most important aspect of the lending procedure and whence it is discussed in detail as below. Credit Appraisal Meaning The process by which a lender appraises the creditworthiness of the prospective borrower is known as Credit Appraisal. This normally involves valuate the borrowers repairment history and establishing the lumber and sustainability of his income. The lender satisfies him ego of the good intentions of the borrower, usually through an interview. * The credit requirement must be assessed by all Indian fiscal Institutions or specialised institution roach up for this purpose. Wherever financin g of cornerstone project is taken up under a consortium / syndication arrangement banks exposure shall not pass along 25% * Bank may also take up financing stand project independently / exclusively in respect of borrowers /promoters of repute with excellent past record in project implementation. * In such cases due diligence on the inability of the projects are well delimit and assessed. State political relation guarantee may not be taken as a substitute for satisfactory credit appraisal.The important thing to remember is not to be overwhelmed by marketing or profit centre reasons to book a loan but to take a equilibrize view when booking a loan, taking into account the risk avenge aspects. Generally everyone becomes optimistic during the upswing of the business cycle, but tend to forget to see how the borrower go out be during the downturn, which is a short-sighted approach. Furthermore greater emphasis is devoted on financials, which are usually outdated this is further exacerbated by the fact that a descriptive approach is usually taken, rather than an analytical approach, to the credit.Thus a forward looking approach should also be adopted, since the loan entrust be re paid primarily from emerging cash flows, not historic murder however some(prenominal) can be used as good refund indicators. Indian Banking Sector Its Major Challenges It is well recognised by the world that India is one of the fastest outgrowth economies in the world. Evidence from across the world suggests that a expectant and evolved banking system is required for sustained economic development. The last decade has seen many positive developments in the Indian banking sector.The policy makers, which comprise the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Finance and related government and financial sector regulative entities, have made several notable efforts to ameliorate pattern in the sector. The sector now compares favourably with banking sectors in the region on inflection corresponding growth, profitability and non- sufficeing as hard-boileds (NPAs). A a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) banks have established an outstanding overcome record of innovation, growth and care for creation. This is reflected in their market valuation. However, modify regulations, innovation, growth and mensurate creation in the sector remain limited to a small part of it.The monetary value of banking intermediation in India is higher and bank sharpness is far lower than in other markets. Indias banking industry must inflect itself significantly if it has to assert the modern and vibrant economy which India aspires to be. epoch the onus for this change lies mainly with bank troubles, an enabling policy and regulatory theoretical account will also be deprecative to their success. The affliction to respond to changing market realities has stunted the development of the financial sector in many developing countries.A clear banking structure has bee n unable to fuel proceed growth, which has harmed the long wellness of their economies. In this white paper, we emphasise the need to act both decisively and quickly to body-build an enabling, rather than a limiting, banking sector in India. Indian banks have compared favourably on growth, addition prize and profitability with other regional banks over the last a couple of(prenominal) years. The banking index has grown at a compounded annual rate of over 51 per cent since April 2001 as compared to a 27 per cent growth in the market index for the same period.Policy makers have made some notable changes in policy and regulation to help strengthen the sector. These changes include strengthening prudential norms, enhancing the allowancements system and integ military rank regulations between commercial and co-operative banks. However, the cost of intermediation remains high and bank penetration is limited to only a a couple of(prenominal) customer departments and geographies. Wh ile bank lending has been a significant device driver of GDP growth and employment, periodic instances of the failure of some weak banks have a good deal threatened the stability of the system.Structural weaknesses such as a fragmented industry structure, restrictions on capital availableness and deployment, lack of institutional support infrastructure, restrictive labour laws, weak corporate governance and in good regulations beyond Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs), unless addressed, could seriously fail the health of the sector. Further, the inability of bank managements (with some notable exceptions) to improve capital allocation, increase the productivity of their service platforms and improve the performance ethic in their organisations could seriously affect coming(prenominal) performance.India has a better banking system in place Vis a Vis other developing countries, but there are several offsprings that need to be ironed out. Major challenges of Indian banking sector a re mentioned below. please rate risk kindle rate risk can be defined as exposure of banks net interest income to adverse movements in interest rates. A banks balance sheet consists mainly of rupee assets and liabilities. Any movement in domestic interest rate is the main source of interest rate risk. everyplace the last few years the treasury departments of banks have been responsible for a substantial part f profits made by banks. Between July 1997 and Oct 2003, as interest rates fell, the yield on 10-year government bonds (a barometer for domestic interest rates) fell, from 13 per cent to 4. 9 per cent. With yields falling the banks made abundant profits on their bond portfolios. promptly as yields go up (with the rise in inflation, bond yields go up and bond prices fall as the debt market starts factoring a possible interest rate hike), the banks will have to set aside funds to mark to market their investment. This will make it difficult to show huge profits from treasur y operations.This tutelage becomes much stronger because a substantial percent of bank deposits remain invested in government bonds. Banking in the recent years had been reduced to a trading operation in government securities. Recent months have shown a rise in the bond yields has led to the profit from treasury operations falling. The in vogue(p) quarterly reports of banks clearly show several banks making losses on their treasury operations. If the rise in yields continues the banks qualification end up posting huge losses on their trading books.Given these facts, banks will have to look at alternative sources of investment. Interest rates and non-performing assets The best indicator of the health of the banking industry in a country is its level of NPAs. Given this fact, Indian banks be to be better placed than they were in the past. A few banks have even managed to reduce their net NPAs to less than one percent (before the coalescer of Global place Bank into Oriental B ank of traffic OBC was a zero NPA bank). But as the bond yields start to rise the chances are the net NPAs will also start to go up.This will happen because the banks have been making huge provisions against the money they made on their bond portfolios in a scenario where bond yields were falling. Reduced NPAs broadly gives the impression that banks have strengthened their credit appraisal processes over the years. This does not seem to be the case. With increasing bond yields, treasury income will come down and if the banks heed to make large provisions, the money will have to come from their interest income, and this in turn, shall bring down the profitability of banks. aspiration in retail bankingThe entry of refreshful generation private sector banks has changed the entire scenario. Earlier the household savings went into banks and the banks then lent out money to corporate. right away they need to sell banking. The retail portion, which was earlier ignored, is now the mo st important of the lot, with the banks bound over one other to give out loans. The consumer has never been so palmy with so many banks offering so many products to choose from. With supply far exceeding demand it has been a break away to the substructure, with the banks undercutting one another.A lot of foreign banks have already burnt their fingers in the retail game and have now decided to get out of a few retail surgical incisions completely. The nimble footed bran- untested generation private sector banks have taken a lead on this front and the public sector banks are trying to play catch up. The PSBs have been losing business to the private sector banks in this segment. PSBs need to figure out the means to generate profitable business from this segment in the days to come. The urge to merge In the recent past there has been a lot of talk about Indian Banks lacking in scale and size.The State Bank of India is the only bank from India to make it to the list of Top 100 bank s, globally. Most of the PSBs are either looking to pick up a smaller bank or waiting to be picked up by a bigger bank. The central government also seems to be game about the issue and is seen to be encouraging PSBs to merge or let other banks. Global evidence seems to suggest that even though there is great enthusiasm when companies merge or get acquired, majority of the mergers/ eruditenesss do not really work. So in the zeal to merge with or acquire another bank the PSBs should not let their common sense take a back seat.Before a merger is carried out cultural issues should be looked into. A bank ground primarily out of North India might require to acquire a bank based primarily out of South India to increase its geographic presence but their cultures might be very different. So the desegregation process might become very difficult. proficient compatibility is another issue that necessarily to be looked into in details before any merger or acquisition is carried out. Impac t of BASEL-II norms Banking is a commodity business. The margins on the products that banks offer to its customers are extremely thin vis a vis other businesses.As a result, for banks to earn an adequate return of equity and struggle for capital along with other industries, they need to be highly leveraged. The primary function of the banks capital is to absorb any losses a bank suffers (which can be indite off against banks capital). Norms set in the Swiss town of Basel determine the ground rules for the way banks around the world account for loans they give out. These rules were formulated by the Bank for International Settlements in 1988. Essentially, these rules tell the banks how much capital the banks should have to cover up for the risk that their loans might go bad.The rules set in 1988 led the banks to differentiate among the customers it lent out money to. Different weightage was given to various forms of assets, with zero percentage weightings being given to cash, depos its with the central bank/govt. and so on and 100 per cent weighting to claims on private sector, fixed assets, real estate etc. The summation of these assets gave us the risk- burgeon forth assets. Against these risk weighted assets the banks had to book a ( course I + layer II) capital of 9 per cent i. e. every Rs100 of risk assets had to be backed by Rs 9 of Tier I + Tier II capital.To put it simply the banks had to maintain a capital adequacy ratio of 9 percent. The problem with these rules is that they do not distinguish within a syndicate i. e. all lending to private sector is assigned a 100 per cent risk weighting, be it a high society with the best credit rating or company which is in the doldrums and has a very low credit rating. This is not an efficient use of capital. The company with the best credit rating is more promising to repay the loan vis a vis the company with a low credit rating.So the bank should be setting aside a far lesser tot up of capital against the risk of a company with the best credit rating defaulting vis a vis the company with a low credit rating. With the BASEL-II norms the bank can decide on the amount of capital to set aside depending on the credit rating of the company. Credit risk is not the only type of risk that banks face. These days the functional risks that banks face are huge. The various risks that come under operational risk are opposition risk, engine room risk, casualty risk, crime risk etc. The original BASEL rules did not take into account the operational risks.As per the BASEL-II norms, banks will have to set aside 15 per cent of net income to protect themselves against operational risks. Over the last few years, the falling interest rates, gave banks very little incentive to lend to projects, as the return did not compensate them for the risk involved. This led to the banks getting into the retail segment big time. It also led to a lot of banks playing it safe and place in most of the deposits th ey collected into government bonds. Now with the bond party over and the bond yields starting to go up, the banks will have to concentrate on their core function of lending.The banking sector in India needs to tackle these challenges successfully to keep maturement and strengthen the Indian financial system. Furthermore, the impediment of the central government with the functioning of PSBs should stop. A fresh autonomy package for public sector banks is in offing. The package seeks to provide a high degree of freedom to PSBs on operational matters. This seems to be the right way to go for PSBs. The growth of the banking sector will be one of the most important inputs that shall go into making sure that India progresses and becomes a global economic super military group. Products and Services Corporate banking * Personal banking * industrial finance * Agriculture finance * backing of quite a little * International banking * Home loan * auto loan * ATM/ calculate card * Deposit interest rate * Credit interest rate * Other serve lockers facility, meshwork banking, EFT Clearing services etc Review of Literature Literature examine provides available research with respect to the selected topic of the project or the research findings by an author which has been done with respect to the research topic. This chapter provides the overall view of the available literature with respect to the topic of the project.The review of the related research works are set forth as under- 1. A research work on the topic On the appraisal on consumer credit banking products with the asset bore frame A fivefold criteria application. done by Panagiotis Xidonas, Alexandros Flamos, Sortirios Koussouris, Dimitrious Askouins Ioannis Psarras from National proficient University of Athens in 2007 says that summation quality refers to the likelihood that the banks earning assets will continue to perform and requires both a qualitative and numerical assessment.Decision problems like the internal appraisal of banking products, are problems with strong multiple-criteria character and it seems that the methodological exemplar of Multiple Criteria Decision Making could provide a reliable solution. In this paper, the asset Quality banking indicators are the, so called, criteria, the value of these indicators are the, so called, scores in each criterion and the P. R. O. METH. E. E. Preference Ranking Organization Method of Enrichment Evaluations, Brans & Vincke (1985) Multiple Criteria method is applied, towards modelling banking products appraisal problems.A Multiple Criteria process, strictly mathematically defined, integrates the behaviour of each indicator-criterion and utilizes each score in order to come out the so called alternatives, i. e. categories of banking products. 2. The research Paper on Evaluation of decision support systems for credit management decisions by S. Kanungo, S. Sharma, P. K. Jain from department of studies, IIT Delhi have co nducted a study to evaluate the efficiency of decision support system (DSS) for credit management. This study formed a larger initiative to access the intensity of the I.T based credit management process at SBI. Such a study was necessitated since credit appraisal has become an integral sub-function of the Indian banks in view of growing incidence of non-performing assets. The DSS they have assessed was a credit appraisal system developed by Quuattro pro at SBI. This system helps in analysis of balance sheets, Calculation of financial ratios, cash flow analysis, future projections, sensitiveness analysis and risk evaluation as per SBI norms. They have also used a strong Quassi try outal design called Solomons four group design for the assessment.In the try out the managers of SBI who attended the fosterage computer programmeme were the subjects the experiment consisted of the measurements that were taken as pre and post tests. An data-based encumbrance was applied between th e pre-tests and the pro-tests. The intervention or stimulus consisted of DSS training and use. There were four groups in the experiment. The stimulus remained changeless as the they took care to ensure that the course content as well as the instructors remained the same during the course of the experiment. Two were data-based groups and two were control groups.All four groups underwent training in credit management between the pre and the post tests. Results from research shows that while the DSS is effective, advantage needs to be done in the methodology to assess such improvements. but such assessment frameworks while being adequate from a DSS-centric viewpoint do not respond to the assessment of DSS in an organizational setting . In the final section they have discussed how this evaluative framework can be strengthened to lead up an activity that will allow the long term and possibly the only substantive evaluation framework for such a system. . The research paper on the to pic Towards an appraisal of the FMHA farm credit program A case study of the efficiency of borrower by S. Mehdian, Wm. McD. Herr, Phil Eberle, and Richard Grabowski have studied that the a production term methodology is used to measure the overall efficiency of a sample of farmers home administration(FMHA) compared to non participants. The study did not find evidence that the efficiency FMHA farms improved between a time period Results indicated that overall efficiency of FMHA borrowers is associated with selected financial characteristics of the farms.A review of the literature shows that agricultural finance specialists have not been successful in evaluating whether FMHA pro- grams improve the efficiency and income of probability of success. Liberal loan policies Eligible borrowers. Inadequate evaluation of the FMHA program occurs partly because of because the difficulty of adequately deter-mining the impacts of changes in the econ- borrowers in a more normal period of the loan.T his study addressed these difficulties by utilizing a nonparametric production frontier technique to measure overall efficiency and a change courseed pair statistical procedure to measure how efficiency of farms receiving FMHA credit changed relative to a Non-FMHA farmers. 4. The book named Financial Analysis for Bank Lending in Liberalised Economy by Sampat. P. Singh and Dr. S. Singh have discussed the subject financial analysis for bank lending has off-key considerable importance, particularly since early 1990s when, like most of the countries, India opted for the policy of liberalisation and globalization after 1991.The present volume is meant to be a standard reference as well as text book on the varied facets of financial analysis with reference to credit management by Banks and Financial Institutions. The book consists of collar parts. discriminate I discusses the concepts and tools of Financial Analysis activate II explains various concepts of working capital in its histo rical context while Part III demonstrates the application of these tools in the changing context of liberalised economy by focusing on new concepts like Credit Worthiness, Risk-Analysis, Credit order, Products-Differentiation, Pricing-Differentiation, Asset-Liability Management, etc.The book contains- Bank Lending and industrial Finance in India ,Basic Economics for Bankers and Business Managers ,Introduction to investment companyamentals history Principles ,Profit and expiry Account (Operating Statement) ,Analysis of Profit and Loss Account (Operating Statement) ,Structure and Analysis of Balance rag ,Ratios as Tools of Financial Statements Analysis ,Accounting Flows Income, Cash and memory boards ,Break-even Analysis and Margin of arctic ,Appraisal of Capital watchs ,New Conceptual Framework for Analysis, Liberalised epoch and New Focus of Bank Lending ,Managing Working Capital by strategic Choice , Financing Working Capital Conceptual and Historical Exposition,Creditwo rthiness and Credit Rating At Centre stage pith of Credit Appraisal , Working Capital Management-I MPBF System of Appraisal and Bifurcation of lineage- ground Limit in Two Components Working Capital Management-II pick Methods of Appraisal ,Working Capital Management-III Follow-up and surveillance , Appraisal of a New Project Involving Term Loan , Management of riddle Accounts , Management of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), Rehabilitation of Sick Industrial Units, Working Capital Management Concepts and Techniques , inaugural Committee on Financial Sector Reform and the 2nd Committee on Banking System Reform (Known as Narasimham Committee Report, 1998). 5. The research paper on the topic Competitive analysis in banking Appraisal of the methodologies by Nicola Cetorelli has discussed about the U. S. banking industry has go through significant structural changes as the result of an intense process of consolidation. From 1975 to 1997, the number of commercial banks decreased b y about 35 percent, from 14,318 to 9,215.Since the early 1980s, there have been an just of more than 400 mergers per year (see Avery et al. , 1997, and Simmons and Stavins, 1998). The remainder of intrastate branching restrictions, effective to differing degrees in all states by 1992, and the passage in 1994 of the Riegle. Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, which allows bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state and, since June 1, 1997, to open interstate branches, is for original accelerating the process of consolidation. These significant changes raise important policy concerns. On the one hand, one could argue that banks are merging to fully exploit capability economies of scale and/or scope.The possible improvements in efficiency may translate into welfare gains for the economy, to the extent that customers pay lower prices for banks. services or are able to obtain higher quality services or services that could not have been offered before. 1 On the other hand, from the point of view of public policy it is equally important to focus on the effect of this restructuring process on the matched conditions of the banking industry. Do banks gain market power from merging? If so, they will be able to charge higher than competitive prices for their products, thus inflicting welfare costs that could more than equalizer any presumed benefit associated with mergers.In this article, analysis of competition in the banking industry is done bring out a very fundamental issue How market power is measured and how do regulators rely on accurate and effective procedures to evaluate the competitive effects of a merger. Credit Philosophy Policy with regards to Punjab National Bank An ideal advance is the one given to a reliable customer for an adulation purpose with adequate experience, safe in knowledge that the money will be used to advantage and repayment will be made within a reasonable period from trade receipts or known maturities d ue on or about given dates. Credit philosophy To achieve credit expansion required for sustaining the profitability of the bank and emphasis on quality assets, profitable relationships and prudent growth. CREDIT POLICY Bank follows following broad policy imperatives- Reduction in dependence upon short term corporate loans, especially unsecured exposures. * Aiming to achieve more sanctions at levels closer to the customer. * Changing the mix of the portfolio in favour of better diffused and higher yielding credit. * Building competencies in credit management through training promotion of self enjoin learning. Objectives of credit policy 1. A fit growth of credit portfolio, which does not compromise safety. 2. Adoption of a forward looking and market responsive approach for moving into profitable new areas on lending which emerge, within the pre determined exposure ceilings. 3. locomote risk management practices to identify measure, admonisher and control risks. 4.Maximize inte rest yields from credit portfolio through a judicious management of vary spreads of loan assets based upon their size, credit rating and tenure. 5. Leverage on strong relationships with existing long-standing clients to source a bulk of new business by addressing their requirements comprehensively. 6. Ensure due compliance of various regulatory norms including CAR, income designation and asset classification 7. Accomplish balanced development of credit to various sectors and geographical regions. 8. Achieve growth of credit to antecedency sectors / subsectors and continue to surpass the targets stipulated by declare bank of India. 9.Using of pricing as a tool of competitive advantage ensuring however that earnings are protected. 10. Develop and maintain enhanced competencies in credit management at all levels through a combination of training initiatives, promotion of self directed learning and dissemination of best practices. Objectives in Credit To maintain respectable balanc e between- * Credit volumes * Earnings * Asset quality within the framework of regulatory prescriptions, corporate goals and banks social responsibilities. Introduction to loans Loans are advances for fixed amounts repayable on demand or in instalment. They are normally made in lump sums and interest is paid on the entire amount.The borrower cannot draw funds beyond the amount sanctioned. A key function of the Bank is deploying funds for income-yielding assets. A major part of Banks assets are the loans and advances portfolio and investments in approved securities. Loans Advances refer to long-term and short-run credit facilities to various types of borrowers and non-fund facilities like Bank Guarantees, Letters of Credit, Letters of Solvency etc. extremum facilities represent structured commitments which are negotiable claims having a market by way of negotiable instruments. Thus, Banks extend credit facilities by way of fund-based long-term and short-term loans and advances as also by way of non-fund facilities.Loans/Advances Classification of Loans Loans/Advances Pre- encumbrance Finance Post shipment Finance Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee Term Loan exporting Finance Bill Discounting Cash Credit retail Loan Non-Fund Based Fund Based Fund Based Bank provides credit in various forms. These are broadly classified into two categories- Fund based and Non Fund Based. Fund based refers to the type of credit where cash is without delay involved i. e. where bank provides money to the quester in anticipation of getting it back. Where as in a Non-fund Based, Bank doesnt pay cash directly but gives assurance or takes guarantee on behalf of its customer to pay if they fail to do so.In case on Fund Based there are different categories of loans which are discussed as follows I. RETAIL LOANS- sell banking in India is not a new phenomenon. It has eer been prevalent in India in various forms. For the last few years it has become synonymous with mainstream banking for many banks. The typical products offered in the Indian retail banking segment are- * Housing loans * Consumer loans for purchase of durables * Auto loans * Educational loans * Credit Cost. * Personal loans Retail loan is the practice of loaning money to individuals rather than institutions. Retail lending is done by banks, credit unions, and savings and loan associations.These institutions make loans for automobile purchases, home purchases, checkup care, home repair, vacations, and other consumer uses. Retail lending has taken a prominent role in the lending activities of banks, as the availability of credit and the number of products offered for retail lending have grown. The amounts loaned through retail lending are usually smaller than those loaned to businesses. Retail lending may take the form of instalment loans, which must be paid off little by little over the course of years, or non-instalment loans, which are paid off in one lump sum. These loans are marketed under at tractive brand names to differentiate the products offered by different banks.As the Report on Trend and Progress of India, 2007-08 has shown that the loan values of these retail lending typically range between Rs. 20, 000 to Rs. 100 lakh. The loans are generally for sequence of five to seven years with housing loans granted for a longer continuation of 15 years. Credit card is another rapidly growing sub-segment of this product group. In recent past retail lending has turned out to be a key profit driver for banks with retail portfolio. The overall impairment of the retail loan portfolio worked out much less then the Gross NPA ratio for the entire loan portfolio. Within the retail segment, the housing loans had the least(prenominal) gross asset impairment.In fact, retailing make ample business sense in the banking sector. Basic reasons that have contributed to the retail growth in India are- * First, economic prosperity and the consequent increase in purchasing power has given a fillip to a consumer boom. Note that during the 10 years after 1992, Indias economy grew at an average rate of 6. 8 percent and continues to grow at the almost the same rate not many countries in the world match this performance. * Second, changing consumer demographics indicate vast potential for growth in consumption both qualitatively and quantitatively. India is one of the countries having highest proportion (70%) of the nation below 35 years of age (young population).The BRIC report of the Goldman-Sachs, which predicted a bright future for Brazil, Russia, India and China, mentioned Indian demographic advantage as an important positive factor for India. * Third, technological factors played a major role. gadget banking in the form of debit entry cards, internet and phone-banking, anywhere and anytime banking has attracted many new customers into the banking field. Technological innovations relating to increasing use of credit / debit cards, ATMs, direct debits and phone ban king has contributed to the growth of retail banking in India. * Fourth, the Treasury income of the banks, which had strengthened the bottom lines of banks for the past few years, has been on the decline during the last two years. In such a scenario, retail business provides a good vehicle of profit maximisation.Considering the fact that retails share in impaired assets is far lower than the overall bank loans and advances, retail loans have put comparatively less provisioning burden on banks apart from diversifying their income streams. * Fifth, decline in interest rates have also contributed to the growth of retail credit by generating the demand for such credit. According to K V Kamath, the changing demographic profile and a downward trend of the interest rates will propel retail credit in India. There is a huge retail credit chance that is surfacing. Banks have low penetration in this segment currently. But it is the one area that is providing the nerve impulse in the banking business now, India has among the lowest penetration of retail loans in Asia.Though the sector has been growing at around 15 per cent, there is still a huge opportunity to tap into. Middle and -high-income homes in India has increased to 2. 57 crore (25. 7 million). Interest rates on retail loans have been displace rapidly too. For instance residential mortgages slumped by 7 per cent over the last four years. The entry of a number of banks in India in the last few years has helped provide increased insurance coverage and a number of new products in the market, says Kamath. II. WORKING CAPITAL / CASH CREDIT Cash credit is a short-term cash loan to a company. A bank provides this type of funding, but only after the required protective covering is given to secure the loan.Once a security for repayment has been given, the business that receives the loan can constantly draw from the bank up to a certain contract amount. The bank provides certain amount to the company for its day to day working keeping certain margin in hand. III. TERM LOANS A bank loan to a company, with a fixed maturity and practically featuring amortization of principal. If this loan is in the form of a line of credit, the funds are drawn down shortly after the agreement is signed. Otherwise, the borrower usually uses the funds from the loan soon after they become available. Bank term loans are very a common kind of lending. Term loans are the basic vanilla commercial loan. They typically carry fixed interest rates, and periodical or quarterly repayment schedules and include a set maturity date.Bankers tend to classify term loans into two categories * Intermediate-term loans Usually running less than three years, these loans are generally repaid in monthly instalments (sometimes with balloon payments) from a businesss cash flow. According to the American Bankers Association, repayment is often tied directly to the useful sustenance of the asset being financed. * long loans These loans a re commonly set for more than three years. Most are between three and 10 years, and some run for as long as 20 years. Long-term loans are collateralized by a businesss assets and typically require quarterly or monthly payments derived from profits or cash flow. These loans usually carry wording that limits the amount of additional financial commitments the business may take on including other debts but also dividends or principals salaries), and they sometimes require that a certain amount of profit be set-aside to repay the loan. Appropriate For schematic small businesses that can leverage sound financial statements and substantial down payments to disparage monthly payments and total loan costs. refund is typically linked in some way to the item financed. Term loans require collateral and a relatively wet approval process but can help reduce risk by minimizing costs. Before deciding to finance equipment, borrowers should be sure they can they make full use of ownership-related benefits, such as depreciation, and should compare the cost with that leasing. Supply Abundant but highly differentiated.The degree of financial strength required to receive loan approval can vary tremendously from bank to bank, depending on the level of risk the bank is willing to take on. IV. BILL DISCOUNTING While discounting a summit, the Bank buys the posting (i. e. Bill of Exchange or Promissory Note) before it is due and credits the value of the bill after a discount charge to the customers account. The transaction is practically an advance against the security of the bill and the discount represents the interest on the advance from the date of purchase of the bill until it is due for payment. Bills of exchange- A bill of exchange or draft is a create verbally order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee.A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills o f exchange are used primarily in planetary trade, and are compose orders by one person to his bank to pay the flattop a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the sexual climax of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in report addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to order or to bearer.It is essentially an order made by one person to another to pay money to a terzetto person. A bill of exchange requires in its inception three partiesthe drawer, the drawee, and the payee. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer. He gives the order to pay money to third party. The party upon whom the bill is drawn id called the drawee. He is the person to whom the bill is addressed and who is reproducible to pay. He become s an acceptor when he indicates his willingness to pay the bill. The party in whose favor the bill is drawn or is payable is called the payee. Promissory Note- A promissory notation is a written promise by the maker to pay money to the payee.Bank mark off is frequently transferred as a promissory note, a promissory note made by a bank and payable to bearer on demand. A maker of a promissory note promises to unconditionally pay the payee (beneficiary) a specific amount on a specified date. A promissory note is an unconditional promise to pay a specific amount to bearer or to the order of a named person, on demand or on a specified date. A negotiable promissory note is unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand, or at fixed or determinable future time, sum certain in money to order or to bearer V. EXPORT FINANCE- This type of a credit facility is provided to exporters who export their goods to different places.It is divided into two parts- pre-shipment finance and post-shipment finance. * Pre loading Finance is issued by a financial institution when the seller want the payment of the goods before shipment. * Post Shipment Finance is a kind of loan provided by a financial institution to an exporter or seller against a shipment that has already been made. This type of export finance is granted from the date of extending the credit after shipment of the goods to the realization date of the exporter proceeds. Exporters dont wait for the importer to deposit the funds. Non Fund Based loans generate income for the bank without committing the funds of the bank. Bank generates substantial income under this head.There are two types of credit under this category which are discussed as follows- I. BANK GUARANTEE- A bank guarantee is a written contract given by a bank on the behalf of a customer. By issuing this guarantee, a bank takes responsi